Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T07:46:28.572Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Models of Physical Health and Personality

from Part III - Development, Health and Change: Life Span and Health Outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Philip J. Corr
Affiliation:
City, University London
Gerald Matthews
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Get access

Summary

Personality helps account for much of the variation in who stays well and who succumbs to illness. The idea that dispositions relate to health in important, systematic ways dates back to Galen, the Greek physician in the Roman Empire who proposed that bodily imbalances are associated with specific temperaments. For example, an excess of yellow bile – choler – was thought to produce cycles of excess anger, aggressive behavior and damage to internal organs (Friedman & Adler, 2011). Today, cycles of hormones, emotions, behaviors and health remain of keen interest but are informed by modern understandings of psychophysiology and personality.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldwin, C. M., Spiro, A. III, Levenson, M. R., & Cupertino, A. P. (2001). Longitudinal findings from the Normative Aging Study: III. Personality, individual health trajectories, and mortality. Psychology and Aging, 16, 450465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic medicine. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Almada, S. J., Zonderman, A. B., Shekelle, R. B., Dyer, A. R., Daviglus, M. L., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Stamler, J. (1991). Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: The Western Electric Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 165175.Google Scholar
Artese, A., Ehley, D., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2017). Personality and actigraphy-measured physical activity in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 32, 131138.Google Scholar
Barefoot, J. C., Dahlstrom, G. W., & Williams, R. B. Jr. (1983). Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: A 25-year follow-up study of 255 physicians. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45, 5963.Google Scholar
Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B. Jr. (1989). The Cook-Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 4657.Google Scholar
Barefoot, J. C., Larsen, S., von der Lieth, L., & Schroll, M. (1995). Hostility, incidence of acute myocardial infarction, and mortality in a sample of older Danish men and women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 477484.Google Scholar
Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., Nowlin, J. B., Peterson, B. L., Haney, T. L., & Williams, R. B. (1987). Suspiciousness, health, and mortality: A follow-up study of 500 older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 450457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barefoot, J. C., & Williams, R. B. (2010). Hostility and Health. In Steptoe, A. (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine: Methods and applications (pp. 169183). Springer Science.Google Scholar
Benotsch, E. G., Christensen, A. J., & McKelvey, L. (1997). Hostility, social support, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 163176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benyamini, Y., & Idler, E. L. (1999). Community studies reporting association between self-rated health and mortality. Research on Aging, 21, 392401.Google Scholar
Berkman, L. F., Blumenthal, J., Burg, M., Carney, R. M., Catellier, D., Cowan, M. J., & Kaufmann, P. G. (2003). Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: The enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 31063116.Google Scholar
Boehm, J. K., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). The heart’s content: The association between positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 655691.Google Scholar
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887919.Google Scholar
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2013). The case for conscientiousness: Evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and longevity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45, 278288.Google Scholar
Boyle, S. H., Williams, R. B., Mark, D. B., Brummett, B. H., Siegler, I. C., Helms, M. J., & Barefoot, J. C. (1989). Hostility as a predictor of survival in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 629632.Google Scholar
Brickman, A. L., Yount, S. E., Blaney, N. T., Rothberg, S. T., & De-Nour, A. K. (1996). Personality traits and long-term health. Psychosomatics, 37, 459468.Google Scholar
Brummett, B. H., Helms, M. J., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Siegler, I. C. (2006). Prediction of all-cause mortality by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Optimism-Pessimism Scale scores: Study of a college sample during a 40-year follow-up period. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81, 15411544.Google Scholar
Bunde, J., & Suls, J. (2006). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. Health Psychology, 25, 493500.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., Joormann, J., Kim, Y., & Nam, J. Y. (2011). Serotonin transporter polymorphism interacts with childhood adversity to predict aspects of impulsivity. Psychological Science, 22, 589595.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 293299.Google Scholar
Carver, S. C., & Vargas, S. (2011). Stress, coping, and health. In Friedman, H. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 162188). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1987). Moving against the world: Life-course patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 308313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Genetic sensitivity to the environment: The case of serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 509527.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Stability and Change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453484.Google Scholar
Cerri, A. P., Arosio, B., Viazzoli, C., Confalonieri, R., Vergani, C., & Annoni, G. (2010). The -308 (G/A) single nucleotide polymorphism in the TNF-alpha gene and the risk of major depression in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 219223.Google Scholar
Chapman, B. P., Huang, A., Horner, E., Peters, K., Sempeles, E., Roberts, B., & Lapham, S. (2019). High school personality traits and 48-year all-cause mortality risk: Results from a national sample of 26,845 baby boomers. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 73, 15.Google Scholar
Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., & Duberstein, P. (2011). Personality and longevity: Knowns, unknowns, and implications for public health and personalized medicine. Journal of Aging Research, 2011, 759170 (article ID).Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., Gatz, M., Kato, K., & Pedersen, N. L. (2008). Physical health 25 years later: The predictive ability of neuroticism. Health Psychology, 27, 369378.Google Scholar
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Positive psychological well-being and mortality: A quantitative review of prospective observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 741756.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Gene × environment interaction and resilience: Effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 411427.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Edwards, J. R. (1989). Personality characteristics as moderators of the relationship between stress and disorder. In Neufeld, R. W. J. (Ed.), Advances in the investigation of psychological stress (pp. 235283). Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly-positive self evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 11521162.Google Scholar
Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 10801107.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1987). Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of Personality, 55, 299316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T., Weiss, A., Duberstein, P. R., Friedman, B., & Siegler, I. C. (2014). Personality facets and all-cause mortality among Medicare patients aged 66 to 102: A follow-on study of Weiss and Costa (2005). Psychosomatic Medicine, 76, 370378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coyne, J. C., Tennen, H., & Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Positive psychology in cancer care: A story line resistant to evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 3542.Google Scholar
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010). Economic costs of neuroticism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 10861093.Google Scholar
Cullen, B., O’Neill, B., Evans, J. J., Coen, R. F., & Lawlor, B. A. (2007). A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 78, 790799.Google Scholar
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 804813.Google Scholar
Davidson, K. W., Rieckmann, N., Clemow, L., Schwartz, J. E., Shimbo, D., Medina, V., … Burg, M. M. (2010). Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: Coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 600608.Google Scholar
de Moor, M. H., van Den Berg, S. M., Verweij, K. J., Krueger, R. F., Luciano, M., Vasquez, A. A., & Gordon, S. D. (2015). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neutoricism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 642650.Google Scholar
Dembroski, T. M., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Coronary prone behavior: Components of the Type A Pattern and hostility. Journal of Personality, 55, 211235.Google Scholar
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 143.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497527.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276302.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143156.Google Scholar
Engel, G. L. (1968). A life setting conducive to illness: The giving-up–given-up complex. Annals of Internal Medicine, 69, 293300.Google Scholar
Engel, G. L. (1989). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Holistic Medicine, 4, 3753.Google Scholar
Ferguson, E. (2013). Personality is of central concern to understand health: Towards a theoretical model for health psychology. Health Psychology Review, 7, S32S70.Google Scholar
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54, 466475.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S. (Ed.) (1990). Personality and disease. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S. (2000). Long-term relations of personality and health: Dynamisms, mechanisms, tropisms. Journal of Personality, 68, 10891107.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S. (2007). Personality, disease, and self-healing. In Friedman, H. S. & Silver, R. C. (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 172199). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S. (2011). Personality, disease, and self-healing. In Friedman, H. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 215240). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S. (2019). Neuroticism and health as individuals age. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10, 2532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, H. S., & Adler, N. (2011). The intellectual roots of health psychology. In Friedman, H. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 162188). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., & Booth-Kewley, S. (1987). The “disease-prone personality.” A meta-analytic view of the construct. The American Psychologist, 42, 539555.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., & Hampson, S. E. (in press). Personality and health: A lifespan perspective. In John, O. P. & Robins, R. W. (Eds.), The handbook of personality: Theory and research (4th ed.). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., & Kern, M. L. (2014). Personality, well-being, and health. The Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). A new life-span approach to conscientiousness and health: Combining the pieces of the causal puzzle. Developmental Psychology, 50, 13771389.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (2010). Personality and health, subjective well-being, and longevity. Journal of Personality, 78 179216.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., & Martin, L. R. (2011). The Longevity Project: Surprising discoveries for health and long life from the landmark eight-decade study. New York: Hudson Street Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J., Wingard, D., & Criqui, M. (1993). Does childhood personality predict longevity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 176185.Google Scholar
Gale, C. R., Čukić, I., Batty, D. G., McIntosh, A. M., Weiss, A., & Deary, I. J. (2017). When is higher neuroticism protective against premature death? Findings from UK Biobank. Psychological Science, First published July 13, 2017.Google Scholar
Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Trouillet, R., Hervé, C., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Relationship between life satisfaction and physical health in older adults: A longitudinal test of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Health Psychology, 32, 896904.Google Scholar
Ganna, A., & Ingelsson, E. (2015). Five year mortality predictors in 498,103 UK Biobank participants: A prospective population-based study. The Lancet, 6736, 18.Google Scholar
Gardner, J., & Oswald, A. (2004). How is mortality affected by money, marriage, and stress? Journal of Health Economics, 23, 11811207.Google Scholar
Giltay, E. J., Geleijnse, J. M., Zitman, F. G., Hoekstra, T., & Schouten, E. G. (2004). Dispositional optimism and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a prospective cohort of elderly Dutch men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 11261135.Google Scholar
Graham, E. K., Bastarache, E. D., Milad, E., Turiano, N. A., Cotter, K. A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2018). Physical activity mediates the association between personality and biomarkers of health. Sage Open Medicine, first published May 15, 2018.Google Scholar
Graham, E. K., Rutsohn, J. P., Turiano, N. A., Bendayan, R., Batterham, P. J., Gerstorf, D., … Mroczek, D. K. (2017). Personality predicts mortality risk: An integrative data analysis of 15 international longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 70, 174186.Google Scholar
Grossardt, B. R., Bower, J. H., Geda, Y. E., Colligan, R. C., & Rocca, W. A. (2009). Pessimistic, anxious, and depressive personality traits predict all-cause mortality: The Mayo Clinic cohort study of personality and aging. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 491500.Google Scholar
Hampson, S. E., Edmonds, G. W., Goldberg, L. R., Dubanoski, J. P., & Hillier, T. A. (2015). A lifespan behavioral mechanism relating childhood conscientiousness to adult clinical health. Health Psychology, 34, 887895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, S. E., & Friedman, H. S. (2008). Personality and health: A lifespan perspective. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 770794). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hampson, S., Goldberg, L., Vogt, T., & Dubanoski, J. (2007). Mechanisms by which childhood personality traits influence adult health status: Education attainment and healthy behaviors. Health Psychology, 26, 121125.Google Scholar
Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Thomas, E. (2002). Measuring social capital within health surveys: Key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 17, 106111.Google Scholar
Hays, R. D., Sherbourne, C. D., & Mazel, R. M. (1993). The RAND 36‐item health survey 1.0. Health Economics, 2, 217227.Google Scholar
Hearn, M. D., Murray, D. M., & Luepker, R. V. (1989). Hostility, coronary heart disease, and total mortality: A 33-year follow-up study of university students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 105121.Google Scholar
Heilmayr, D., & Friedman, H. S. (2018). Cultivating healthy trajectories: An experimental study of community gardening and health. Journal of Health Psychology, first published September 21, 2018.Google Scholar
Houston, B. K., Babyak, M. A., & Chesney, M. A. (1997). Social dominance and 22-year all-cause mortality in men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 12, 512.Google Scholar
Houston, B. K., & Snyder, C. R. (1988). Type A behavior pattern: Research, theory and intervention. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26, 655672.Google Scholar
Human, L. J., Biesanz, J. C., Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Lachman, M. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2013). Is change bad? Personality change is associated with poorer psychological health and greater metabolic syndrome in midlife. Journal of Personality, 81, 249260.Google Scholar
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 2137.Google Scholar
Iribarren, C., Jacobs, D. R., Kiefe, C. I., Lewis, C. E., Matthews, K. A., Roseman, J. M., & Hulley, S. B. (2005). Causes and demographic, medical, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors of premature mortality: The CARDIA study. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 471482.Google Scholar
Iwasa, H., Masui, Y., Gondo, Y., Inagaki, H., Kawaai, C., & Suzuki, T. (2008). Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a Japanese community: A five-year population-based prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 399405.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. J., & Allemand, M. (2014). Moving personality development research forward: Applications using structural equation models. European Journal of Personality, 28, 300310.Google Scholar
Javaras, K. N., Williams, M., & Baskin-Sommers, A. R. (2019). Psychological interventions potentially useful for increasing conscientiousness. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10, 1324.Google Scholar
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory – Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.Google Scholar
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114158). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Jokela, M., Batty, G. D., Nyberg, S. T., Virtanen, M., Nabi, H., Singh-manoux, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2013). Personality and all-cause mortality: Individual-participant meta-analysis of 3,947 deaths in 76,150 adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 667675.Google Scholar
Kaplan, G., Everson, S. A., & Luynch, J. W. (2000). The contribution of social and behavioral research to an understanding of the distribution of disease: A multilevel approach. Promoting health: Intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).Google Scholar
Kaufmann, M. W., Fitzgibbons, J. P., Sussman, E. J., Reed, J. F., Einfalt, J. M., Rodgers, J. K., & Fricchione, G. L. (1999). Relation between myocardial infarction, depression, hostility, and death. American Heart Journal, 138, 549554.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., Della Porta, S. S., & Friedman, H. S. (2014). Lifelong pathways to longevity: Personality, relationships, flourishing, and health. Journal of Personality, 82, 472484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2008). Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review. Health Psychology, 27, 505512.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2011a). Personality and differences in health and longevity. In Chamorro-Premuzic, T., von Stumm, S. & Furnham, A. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp. 461490). Chichester,UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2011b). Personality and pathways of influence on physical health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 7687.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2017). Health Psychology. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of the Five Factor Model (pp. 403432). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., Friedman, H. S., Martin, L. R., Reynolds, C. A., & Luong, G. (2009). Conscientiousness, career success, and longevity: A lifespan analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 154163.Google Scholar
Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., & Friedman, H. S. (2014). Integrating prospective longitudinal data: Modeling personality and health in the Terman Life Cycle and Hawaii Longitudinal Studies. Developmental Psychology, 50, 13901406.Google Scholar
Ketterer, M. W., Huffman, J., Lumley, M. A., Wassef, S., Gray, L., Kenyon, L., … Goldberg, A. D. (1998). Five-year follow-up for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: Importance of “denial” in assessing psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 241250.Google Scholar
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 111.Google Scholar
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Courington, S. (1981). Personality and constitution as mediators in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 368378.Google Scholar
Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Jiao, Z., Letenneur, L., Jacomb, P. A., Henderson, A. S., … Rodgers, B. (1999). Health, cognitive, and psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality in an elderly community sample. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 8388.Google Scholar
Larkin, K. T., Martin, R. R., & McClain, S. E. (2002). Cynical hostility and the accuracy of decoding facial expressions of emotions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 285292.Google Scholar
Lek, M., Karczewski, K. J., Minikel, E. V., Samocha, K. E., Banks, E., Fennell, T., … Birnbaum, D. P. (2017). Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature, 536, 285291.Google Scholar
Lemogne, C., Nabi, H., Zins, M., Cordier, S., Ducimetière, P., Goldberg, M., & Consoli, S. M. (2010). Hostility may explain the association between depressive mood and mortality: Evidence from the French gazel cohort study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79, 164171.Google Scholar
Leszko, M., Elleman, L. G., Bastarache, E. D., Graham, E. K., & Mroczek, D. K. (2016). Future directions in the study of personality in adulthood and older age. Gerontology, 62, 210215.Google Scholar
Letzring, T. D., Edmonds, G. W., & Hampson, S. E. (2014). Personality change at mid-life is associated with changes in self-rated health: Evidence from the Hawaii personality and health cohort. Personality and Individual Differences, 58, 6064.Google Scholar
Liu, B., Floud, S., Pirie, K., Green, J., Peto, R., & Beral, V. (2016). Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study. The Lancet, 387, 874881.Google Scholar
Lodi-Smith, J., Jackson, J., Bogg, T., Walton, K., Wood, D., Harms, P., & Roberts, B. W. (2010). Mechanisms of health: Education and health-related behaviours partially mediate the relationship between conscientiousness and self-reported physical health. Psychology & Health, 25, 305319.Google Scholar
Luong, G., Wrzus, C., Wagner, G. G., & Riediger, M. (2016). When bad moods may not be so bad: Valuing negative affect is associated with weakened affect-health links. Emotion, 16, 387401.Google Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803855.Google Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137155.Google Scholar
Magee, C. A., Heaven, P. C., & Miller, L. M. (2013). Personality change predicts self-reported mental and physical health. Journal of Personality, 81, 324334.Google Scholar
Marioni, R. E., Ritchie, S. J., Joshi, P. K., Hagenaars, S. P., Okbay, A., Fischer, K., … Deary, I. J. (2016). Genetic variants linked to education predict longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 1336613371.Google Scholar
Martin, L. R., & Friedman, H. S. (2000). Comparing personality scales across time: An illustrative study of validity and consistency in life-span archival data. Journal of Personality, 68, 85110.Google Scholar
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., Clark, K. M., & Tucker, J. S. (2005). Longevity following the experience of parental divorce. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 21772189.Google Scholar
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., & Schwartz, J. E. (2007). Personality and mortality risk across the life span: The importance of conscientiousness as a biopsychosocial attribute. Health Psychology, 26, 428436.Google Scholar
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Criqui, M. H., & Schwartz, J. E. (2002). A life course perspective on childhood cheerfulness and its relation to mortality risk. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 11551165.Google Scholar
Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malinchoc, M., & Offord, K. P. (2000). Optimists vs. pessimists: Survival rate among medical patients over a 30-year period. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic, 75, 140143.Google Scholar
McCann, B. S., Russo, J., & Benjamin, G. A. (1997). Hostility, social support, and perceptions of work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 175185.Google Scholar
McCraine, E. W., Watkins, L. O., Bandsma, J. M., & Sisson, B. D. (1986). Hostility, coronary heart disease incidence, and total mortality: Lack of association in a 25 years follow-up study of 478 physicians. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 119125.Google Scholar
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, T. E., Belsky, D. W., Danese, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2017). The longitudinal study of aging in human young adults: Knowledge gaps and research agenda. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 72, 210215.Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K. (2014). Personality plasticity, healthy aging, and interventions. Developmental Psychology, 50, 14701474.Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2007). Personality change influences mortality in older men. Psychological Science, 18, 371376.Google Scholar
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2016). The winding paths of the lonesome cowboy: Evidence for mutual influences between personality, subjective health, and loneliness. Journal of Personality, 84, 646657.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C. B., & Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J. (2012). Heartache and heartbreak: The link between depression and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9, 526539.Google Scholar
Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401421.Google Scholar
Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the Five-Factor Model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322338.Google Scholar
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925971.Google Scholar
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 124.Google Scholar
Ragland, D. R., & Brand, R. J. (1998). Type A behavior and mortality from coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 6569.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 582593.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 325.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 313345.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 3135.Google Scholar
Rosenman, R. H., & Chesney, M. A. (1980). The relationship of type A behavior pattern to coronary heart disease. Activitas nervosa superior, 22, 145.Google Scholar
Rutledge, T., Redwine, L. S., Linke, S. E., & Mills, P. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation for improving clinical outcomes and depression among patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 335349.Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2003). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In C. L. M. & Haidt, J. (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 1536). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Sbarra, D. A., Law, R. W., & Portley, R. M. (2011). Divorce and death. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 454474.Google Scholar
Schmale, A. H., & Engel, G. L. (1967). The giving up-given up complex illustrated on film. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 135145.Google Scholar
Segerstrom, S. C. (2005). Optimism and immunity: Do positive thoughts always lead to positive effects? Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19, 195200.Google Scholar
Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 677692.Google Scholar
Shanahan, M. J., Hill, P. L., Roberts, B. W., Eccles, J., & Friedman, H. S. (2014). Conscientiousness, health, and aging: The life course of personality model. Developmental Psychology, 50, 14071425.Google Scholar
Shipley, B. A., Weiss, A., Der, G., Taylor, M. D., & Deary, I. J. (2007). Neuroticism, extraversion, and mortality in the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey: A 21-year prospective cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 923931.Google Scholar
Siegler, I. C., Peterson, B. L., Barefoot, J. C., & Williams, R. B. (1992). Hostility during late adolescence predicts coronary risk factors at mid-life. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136, 146154.Google Scholar
Sloan, R. P. (2011). The art of medicine – Virtue and vice in health and illness: The idea that wouldn’t die. The Lancet, 377, 896897.Google Scholar
Smith, T. W., Glazer, K., Ruiz, J. M., & Gallo, L. C. (2004). Hostility, anger, aggressiveness, and coronary heart disease: An interpersonal perspective on personality, emotion, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 12171270.Google Scholar
Smith, T. W., & Williams, P. G. (1992). Personality and health: Advantages and limitations of the Five‐Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60, 395425.Google Scholar
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2016). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwith, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 117143.Google Scholar
Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: the impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 862882.Google Scholar
Stone, G. C., Weiss, S. M., Matarazzo, J. D., Miller, N. E., Rodin, J., Belar, C. D., & Singer, J. E. (Eds.) (1987). Health psychology: A discipline and a profession. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Suls, J., & Rittenhouse, J. D. (1987). Personality and physical health: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 55, 155167.Google Scholar
Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Luben, R., Day, N. E., & Khaw, K.-T. (2005). Prospective cohort study of hostility and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. International Journal of Cardiology, 100, 155161.Google Scholar
Sutin, A. R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A. B., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Personality and obesity across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 579592.Google Scholar
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2018). Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status. Psychology & Health, 33, 11001115.Google Scholar
Taga, K. A., Friedman, H. S., & Martin, L. R. (2009). Early personality traits as predictors of mortality risk following conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality, 77, 669690.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. (2007). Social Support. In Friedman, H. S. & Silver, R. C. (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 145171). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, W. D., Aizenstein, H. J., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2013). Vascular disease with depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 18, 963974.Google Scholar
Temel, Y., Kessels, A., Tan, S., Topdag, A., Boon, P., & Visser-Vandewalle, V. (2006). Behavioural changes after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease: A systematic review. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 12, 265272.Google Scholar
Terracciano, A., An, Y., Sutin, A. R., Thambisetty, M., & Resnick, S. M. (2017). Personality change in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer Disease. Jama Psychiatry, 74, 12591265.Google Scholar
Tucker, J. S., Friedman, H. S., Wingard, D. L., & Schwartz, J. E. (1996). Marital history at midlife as a predictor of longevity: Alternative explanations to the protective effect of marriage. Health Psychology, 15, 94101.Google Scholar
Turiano, N. A., Mroczek, D. K., Moynihan, J., & Chapman, B. P. (2013). Big 5 personality traits and interleukin-6: Evidence for “healthy neuroticism” in a U.S. population sample. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 28, 8389.Google Scholar
Turiano, N. A., Pitzer, L., Armour, C., Karlamangla, A., Ryff, C. D., & Mroczek, D. K. (2012). Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: Findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS). The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 412.Google Scholar
van Melle, J. P., de Jonge, P., Honig, A., Schene, A. H., Kuyper, A. M. G., Crijns, H. J. G. M., … Ormel, J. (2007). Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 460466.Google Scholar
Veenhoven, R. (2008). Healthy happiness: Effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 449469.Google Scholar
Vollrath, M. (2001). Personality and stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 335347.Google Scholar
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473483.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 10631070.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., & Costa, P. T. (2005). Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among Medicare patients aged 65 to 100. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 724733.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., Gale, C. R., Batty, D. G., & Deary, I. J. (2013). Europe PMC Funders Group Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts. A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74, 523529.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2009). Emotionally stable, intelligent men live longer: The Vietnam Experience Study cohort. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 385394.Google Scholar
Welch, H. G., Schwartz, L., & Woloshin, S. 2011. Overdiagnosed: Making people sick in the pursuit of health. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Weston, S. J. (2017). Building a theory of adaptive neuroticism (Doctoral dissertation). Washington University in St. Louis.Google Scholar
Weston, S. J., & Jackson, J. J. (2015). Identification of the healthy neurotic: Personality traits predict smoking after disease onset. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 6169.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., de Leon, C. F. M., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2003). Negative affect and mortality in older persons. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158, 827835.Google Scholar
Wong, M.-L., Dong, C., Maestre-Mesa, J., & Licinio, J. (2008). Polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes are associated with susceptibility to major depression and antidepressant response. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 800812.Google Scholar
Xu, J., & Roberts, R. E. (2010). The power of positive emotions: It’s a matter of life or death: Subjective well-being and longevity over 28 years in a general population. Health Psychology, 29, 919.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×