Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes

Annika K. Jägerbrand; Robert G. Björk; Terry Callaghan; Rodney D. Seppelt

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511779701.012

11 - Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 October 2012

Annika K. Jägerbrand ,

Terry Callaghan and

Edited by

Nancy G. Slack and

Annika K. Jägerbrand: Affiliation:
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden
Robert G. Björk: Affiliation:
Göteborg University, Sweden
Terry Callaghan: Affiliation:
Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden
Rodney D. Seppelt: Affiliation:
Australian Antarctic Division, Australia
Nancy G. Slack: Affiliation:
Sage Colleges, New York
Lloyd R. Stark: Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Tundra vegetation in the changing climate

In the 1990s global warming was envisioned scientifically as being highly influential and pronounced at high latitudes (Mitchell et al. 1990; Maxwell 1992). Since then, impacts of climate change have been confirmed, especially in the indisputable data of increased air surface temperatures in both the Alaskan Arctic and Europe (Overpeck et al. 1997; Keyser et al. 2000; Serreze et al. 2000; EEA 2004). Ostensibly, climate change is currently affecting life in the world's ecosystems with intensified ramifications of escalating temperatures (IPCC 2007). The Arctic has had a rapid increase in mean temperatures over the past few decades, twice the rate of the rest of the world (ACIA 2005). Its warmest year ever recorded was in 2007 (Richter-Menge et al. 2008). Biomes already seem to be changing owing to climate differences, indicated by observations of enhanced plant growth at high northern latitudes (Myneni et al. 1997) and mid-latitudes (Nemani et al. 2003), landscape-level shifts in species ranges, decline in species populations (McCarthy et al. 2001), and changes in species diversity (EEA 2004). Continuing Arctic climate change will therefore have the effect of encouraging forest expansion into tundra biomes, and the tundra vegetation as we know it will greatly change, shifting in its extent, distribution, and species composition. These changes will probably be unprecedented compared with those of past millennia.

Type: Chapter
Information: Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change , pp. 211 - 236

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511779701.012 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

,ACIA (2005). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Anderson, J. M. (1991). The effects of climate change on decomposition processes in grassland and coniferous forests. Ecological Applications 1: 326–47.Google Scholar

Arft, A. M., Walker, M. D., Gurevitch, J.et al. (1999). Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: meta-analysis of the International Tundra Experiment. Ecological Monographs 69: 491–511.Google Scholar

Atkin, O. K., Scheurwater, I. & Pons, T. L. (2006). High thermal acclimation potential of both photosynthesis and respiration in two lowland Plantago species in contrast to an alpine congeneric. Global Change Biology 12: 500–15.Google Scholar

Bates, J. W. (2000). Mineral nutrition, substratum ecology, and pollution. In Bryophyte Biology, ed. Shaw, A. J. & Goffinet, B., pp. 248–311. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Björk, R. G. (2007). Snowbed Biocomplexity: A Journey from Community to Landscape. Göteborg: Göteborg University.

Björk, R. G. & Molau, U. (2007). Ecology of alpine snowbeds and the impact of global change. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 39: 34–43.Google Scholar

Bokhorst, S., Bjerke, J. W., Bowles, F. W.et al. (2008). Impacts of extreme winter warming in the sub-Arctic: growing season responses of dwarf-shrub heath land. Global Change Biology 14: 1–10.Google Scholar

Bonan, G. B. & Cleve, K. (1992). Soil-temperature, nitrogen mineralisation, and carbon source sink relationships in boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 629–39.Google Scholar

Bredahl, L., Ro-Poulsen, H. & Mikkelsen, T. N. (2004). Reduction of the ambient UV-B radiation in the high-Arctic increases Fv/Fm in Salix arctica and Vaccinium uliginosum and reduces stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration in Salix arctica. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 36: 364–9.Google Scholar

Brooker, R. W., Maestre, F. T., Callaway, R. M.et al. (2008). Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. Journal of Ecology 96: 18–34.Google Scholar

Caldwell, M. M., Bornman, J. F., Ballare, C. L., Flint, S. D. & Kulandaivelu, G. (2007). Terrestrial ecosystems, increased solar ultraviolet radiation, and interactions with other climate change factors. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 6: 252–66.Google Scholar

Callaghan, T. V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y.et al. (2005). Tundra and Polar Desert Ecosystems. In ACIA (Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment), pp. 243–352. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Callaghan, T. V., Carlsson, B. A., Sonesson, M. & Temesvary, A. (1997). Between-year variation in climate-related growth of circumarctic populations of the moss Hylocomium splendens. Functional Ecology 11: 157–65.Google Scholar

Callaghan, T. V., Collins, N. J. & Callaghan, C. H. (1978). Strategies of growth and population dynamics of tundra plants 4. Photosynthesis, growth and reproduction of Hylocomium splendens and Polytrichum commune in Swedish Lapland. Oikos 31: 73–88.Google Scholar

Chapin, F. S., Shaver, G. R., Giblin, A. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J. & Laundre, J. A. (1995). Response of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76: 694–711.Google Scholar

Chernov, Y. I. (1985). The Living Tundra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lang, S. I., Soudzilovskaia, N. A. & During, H. J. (2007). Comparative cryptogam ecology: a review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry. Annals of Botany (London) 99: 987–1001.Google Scholar

Cronberg, N. (2004). Genetic differentiation between populations of the moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. from low versus high elevation in the Scandinavian mountain range. Lindbergia 29: 64–72.Google Scholar

Damsholt, K. (2002). Illustrated Flora of Nordic Liverworts and Hornworts. Lund: Nordic Bryological Society.

Davey, M. C. & Rothery, P. (1997). Interspecific variation in respiratory and photosynthetic parameters in Antarctic bryophytes. New Phytologist 137: 231–40.Google Scholar

Day, T. A., Ruhland, C. T. & Xiong, F. S. (2008). Warming increases aboveground plant biomass and C stocks in vascular-plant-dominated Antarctic tundra. Global Change Biology 14: 1827–43.Google Scholar

Dorrepaal, E., Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Callaghan, T. V. & Logtestijn, R. S. P. (2003). Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog. Global Change Biology 10: 93–104.Google Scholar

Dorrepaal, E., Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Logtestijn, R. S. P. & Callaghan, T. V. (2006). Sphagnum modifies climate-change impacts on subarctic vascular bog plants. Functional Ecology 20: 31–41.Google Scholar

Dorrepaal, E., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Aerts, R., Wallen, B. & Logtestijn, R. S. P. (2005). Are growth forms consistent predictors of leaf litter quality and decomposability across peatlands along a latitudinal gradient? Journal of Ecology 93: 817–28.Google Scholar

,EEA (2004). Impacts of Europe's Changing Climate, an Indicator-Based Assessment. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency.

Epstein, H. E., Calef, M. P., Walker, M. D., Chapin, F. S. I. & Starfield, A. M. (2004). Detecting changes in arctic tundra plant communities in response to warming over decadal time scales. Global Change Biology 10: 1325–34.Google Scholar

Furness, S. B. & Grime, J. P. (1982). Growth rate and temperature responses in bryophytes. II. A comparative study of species of contrasted ecology. Journal of Ecology 70: 525–36.Google Scholar

Gehrke, C. (1999). Impacts of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on mosses in a subarctic heath ecosystem. Ecology 80: 1844–51.Google Scholar

Gehrke, C., Johanson, U., Gwynn-Jones, D.et al. (1996). Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on terrestrial subarctic ecosystems and implications for interactions with increased atmospheric CO2. In Plant Ecology in the sub-Arctic Swedish Lapland, ed. Karlsson, P. S. & Callaghan, T. V.. Ecological Bulletins45: 192–203.

Geissler, P. (1982). Alpine communities. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. Smith, A. J. E., pp. 167–89. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRef

Gignac, L. D. (2001). Bryophytes as indicators of climate change. Bryologist 104: 410–20.Google Scholar

Gjaerevoll, O. (1956). The plant communities of the Scandinavian alpine snowbeds. Det Kongeliga Norske Videnskabernas Selskabs Skrifter 1: 1–405.Google Scholar

Glime, J. M. (2007). Bryophyte Ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. http://www.bryoecol.mtu.edu

Gordon, C., Wynn, J. M. & Woodin, S. J. (2001). Impacts of increased nitrogen supply on high Arctic heath: the importance of bryophytes and phosphorus availability. New Phytologist 149: 461–71.Google Scholar

Graglia, E., Jonasson, S., Michelsen, A.et al. (2001). Effects of environmental perturbations on abundance of subarctic plants after three, seven and ten years of treatments. Ecography 24: 5–12.Google Scholar

Green, T. G. A., Kulle, D., Pannewitz, S., Sancho, L. G. & Schroeter, B. (2005). UV-A protection in mosses growing in continental Antarctica. Polar Biology 28: 822–7.Google Scholar

Green, T. G. A., Schroeter, B. & Seppelt, R. (2000). Effect of temperature, light and ambient UV on the photosynthesis of the moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. in continental Antarctica. In Antarctic Ecosystems, ed. Darison, W., Howard-Williams, C. & Broady, P., pp. 165–70. Christchurch: New Zealand Natural Sciences.

Gwynn-Jones, D., Johanson, U., Gehrke, C.et al. (1996). Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated concentrations of CO2 in a sub-arctic heathland. In Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities, ed. Körner, C. & Bazzaz, F. A., pp. 197–207. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRef

Gwynn-Jones, D., Johanson, U., Phoenix, G., et al. (1999a). UV-B impacts and interactions with other co-occurring variables of environmental change: an Arctic perspective. In Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV-B Radiation and Terrestrial Ecosystems, ed. Rozema, J., pp. 187–201. Amsterdam: Backhuys Press.

Gwynn-Jones, D., Lee, J. A., Johanson, U.et al. (1999b). The responses of plant functional types to enhanced UV-B. In Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV-B Radiation and Terrestrial Ecosystems, ed. Rozema, J., pp. 173–86. Amsterdam: Backhuys Press.

Hallingbäck, T. (2008). Ekologisk Katalog över Mossor (nätversionen). Uppsala: ArtDatabanken, SLU.

Hallingbäck, T. & Hodgetts, N. (2000). Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Bryophytes. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Bryophyte Specialist Group.

Hawes, I., Howard-Williams, C. & Vincent, W. F. (1992). Desiccation and recovery of Antarctic cyanobacterial mats. Polar Biology 12: 587–94.Google Scholar

Henry, G. H. R. & Molau, U. (1997). Tundra plants and climate change: the International Tundra Experiment – Introduction. Global Change Biology 3: 1–9.Google Scholar

Hobbie, S. E. (1996). Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra. Ecological Monographs 66: 503–22.Google Scholar

Hollister, R. D. & Webber, P. J. (2000). Biotic validation of small open-top chambers in a tundra ecosystem. Global Change Biology 6: 835–42.Google Scholar

Hovenden, M. J. & Seppelt, R. D. (1995). Exposure and nutrients as delimiters of lichen communities in continental Antarctica. Lichenologist 27: 505–16.Google Scholar

,IPCC (2001). limate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J.et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

,IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). http://www.ipcc.ch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jägerbrand, A. K. (2005). Subarctic Bryophyte Ecology: Phenotypic Variation and Responses to Simulated Environmental Change. Göteborg: Göteborg University.

Jägerbrand, A. K. (2007). Effects of an in situ temperature increase on the short-term growth of arctic-alpine bryophytes. Lindbergia 32: 82–7.Google Scholar

Jägerbrand, A. K., Alatalo, J. M., Chrimes, D. & Molau, U. (2009). Plant community responses to 5 years of simulated climate change in meadow and heath ecosystems at a subarctic-alpine site. Oecologia 161: 601–10.Google Scholar

Jägerbrand, A. K., Lindblad, K. E. M., Björk, R. G., Alatalo, J. M. & Molau, U. (2006). Bryophyte and lichen diversity under simulated environmental change compared with observed variation in unmanipulated alpine tundra. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 4453–75.Google Scholar

Jägerbrand, A. K., Molau, U. & Alatalo, J. M. (2003). Responses of bryophytes to simulated environmental change at Latnjajaure, northern Sweden. Journal of Bryology 25: 163–8.Google Scholar

Johanson, U., Gehrke, C., Bjorn, L. O. & Callaghan, T. V. (1995). The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the growth of dwarf shrubs in a subarctic heathland. Functional Ecology 9: 713–19.Google Scholar

Jonasson, S., Havstrom, M., Jensen, M. & Callaghan, T. V. (1993). In situ mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus of arctic soils after perturbations simulating climate change. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 95: 179–86.Google Scholar

Jónsdóttir, I. S., Crittenden, P. & Jägerbrand, A. K. (1997). Measuring growth rate in bryophytes and lichens. Summary document of 8th Annual ITEX Workshop. Royal Holloway Institute for Environmental Research, 19–22 April, pp. 10–15.

Kallio, P. & Saarnio, E. (1986). The effect on mosses of transplantation to different altitudes. Journal of Bryology 14: 159–78.Google Scholar

Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., Woo, M. & Everett, K. R. (1992). Arctic hydrology and climate change. In Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: an Ecophysiological Perspective, ed. Chapin, F. S. I., Jefferies, R. L., Reynolds, J. F., Shaver, G. R. & Svoboda, J., pp. 35–57. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRef

Kaplan, J. O. & New, M. (2006). Arctic climate change with a 2 °C global warming: timing, climate patterns and vegetation change. Climatic Change 79: 213–41.Google Scholar

Kennedy, A. D. (1995). Simulated climate change: are passive greenhouses a valid microcosm for testing biological effects of environmental perturbations? Global Change Biology 1: 29–42.Google Scholar

Keyser, A. R., Kimball, J. S., Nemani, R. R. & Running, S. W. (2000). Simulating the effects of climate change on the carbon balance of North American high-latitude forests. Global Change Biology 6: 185–95.Google Scholar

Klanderud, K. & Totland, Ø. (2005). Simulated climate change altered dominance hierarchies and diversity of an alpine biodiversity hotspot. Ecology 86: 2047–54.Google Scholar

Körner, C. (2004). Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio 13: 11–17.Google Scholar

Kullman, L. (2005). Gamla och nya träd på Fulufjället – vegetationshistoria på hög nivå. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 99: 315–29.Google Scholar

Leishman, M. R. & Wild, C. (2001). Vegetation abundance and diversity in relation to soil nutrients and soil water content in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science 13: 126–34.Google Scholar

Longton, R. E. (1979). Climatic adaptation of bryophytes in relation to systematics. In Bryophyte Systematics, ed. Clarke, G. C. S. & Duckett, J. G., pp. 511–31. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 14. London: Academic Press.

Longton, R. E. (1982). Bryophyte vegetation in polar regions. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. Smith, A. J. E., pp. 123–65. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRef

Longton, R. E. (1984). The role of bryophytes in terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 55: 147–63.Google Scholar

Longton, R. E. (1988). The Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichens. Avon: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Longton, R. E. (1997). The role of bryophytes and lichens in polar ecosystems. In Ecology of Arctic Environments, ed. Woodin, S. J. & Marquiss, M., pp. 69–96. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Marion, G. M., Henry, G. H. R., Freckman, D. W.et al. (1997). Open-top designs for manipulating field temperature in the High Arctic, Alaskan Arctic and Swedish Subarctic. Global Change Biology 3: 20–32.Google Scholar

Markham, K. R., Franke, A., Given, D. R. & Brownsey, P. (1990). Historical Antarctic ozone trends from herbarium specimen flavonoids. Bulletin de Liaisan – Group Polyphenols 15: 230–5.Google Scholar

Matveyeva, N. & Chernov, Y. (2000). Biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. In The Arctic: Environment, People, Policy, ed. ,M. Nuttal & T. V. Callaghan, pp. 233–73. Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Maxwell, B. (1992). Arctic climate: potential for change under global warming. In Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate. An Ecophysiological Perspective, ed. Chapin, F. S. I., Jefferies, R. L., Reynolds, J. F., Shaver, G. R. & Svoboda, J., pp. 11–34. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRef

McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A., Dokken, D. J. & White, K. S. (eds) (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Melick, D. R. & Seppelt, R. D. (1992). Loss of soluble carbohydrates and changes in freezing point of Antarctic bryophytes after leaching and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Antarctic Science 4: 399–404.Google Scholar

Melick, D. R. & Seppelt, R. D. (1997). Vegetation patterns in relation to climatic and endogenous changes in Wilkes Land, continental Antarctica. Journal of Ecology 85: 43–56.Google Scholar

Miller, P. C., Webber, P. J., Oechel, W. C. & Tieszen, L. L. (1980). Biophysical processes and primary production. In An Arctic Ecosystem: the Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska, ed. Brown, M. P., Tieszen, L. L. & Bunnell, F. L., pp. 66–101. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.

Mitchell, J. F. B., Manabe, S., Meleshko, V. & Tokioka, T. (1990). Equilibrium climate change – and its implications for the future. In Climate Change: the IPCC Scientific Assessment, ed. Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. & Ephraums, J. J., pp. 131–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Molau, U. (2001). Tundra plant responses to experimental and natural temperature changes. Memoirs of the National Institute for Polar Research, Special issue 54: 445–66.Google Scholar

Molau, U. & Alatalo, J. M. (1998). Responses of subarctic-alpine plant communities to simulated environmental change: biodiversity of bryophytes, lichens, and vascular plants. Ambio 27: 322–9.Google Scholar

Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. & Nemani, R. R. (1997). Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature (London) 386: 698–702.Google Scholar

Nadelhoffer, K. J., Giblin, A. E., Shaver, G. R. & Laundre, J. A. (1991). Effects of temperature and substrate quality on element mineralization in six arctic soils. Ecology 72: 242–53.Google Scholar

Nadelhoffer, K. J., Giblin, A. E., Shaver, G. R. & Linkins, A. E. (1992). Microbial processes and plant nutrient availability in arctic soils. In Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: an Ecophysiological Perspective, ed. Chapin, F. S. I., Jefferies, R. L., Reynolds, J. F., Shaver, G. R. & Svoboda, J., pp. 281–300. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRef

Nemani, R. R., Keeling, C. D., Hashimoto, H.et al. (2003). Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science (Washington, DC) 300: 1560–3.Google Scholar

Ng, E. & Miller, P. C. (1977). Validation of a model of the effect of tundra vegetation on soil temperatures. Arctic and Alpine Research 9: 89–104.Google Scholar

Oechel, W. C. & Sveinbjörnsson, B. (1978). Primary production processes in arctic bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska. In Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra, ed. Tieszen, L. L., pp. 269–98. Ecological Studies29. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef

Overpeck, J., Hughen, K. & Hardy, D. (1997). Arctic environmental changes of the last four centuries. Science (Washington DC) 278: 1251–6.Google Scholar

Parsons, A. N., Press, M. C., Wookey, P. A.et al. (1995). Growth responses of Calamagrostis lapponica to simulated environmental change in the Sub-arctic. Oikos 72: 61–6.Google Scholar

Potter, J. A., Press, M. C., Callaghan, T. V. & Lee, J. A. (1995). Growth responses of Polytrichum commune and Hylocomium splendens to simulated environmental change in the sub-arctic. New Phytologist 131: 533–41.Google Scholar

Press, M. C., Callaghan, T. V. & Lee, J. A. (1998a). How will European arctic ecosystems respond to projected global environmental change?Ambio 27: 306–11.Google Scholar

Press, M. C., Potter, J. A., Burke, M. J. W., Callaghan, T. V. & Lee, J. A. (1998b). Responses of a subarctic dwarf shrub heath community to simulated environmental change. Journal of Ecology 86: 315–27.Google Scholar

Proctor, M. C. F. (2000). Physiological ecology. In Bryophyte Biology, ed. Shaw, A. J. & Goffinet, B., pp. 225–47. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Quesada, A. & Vincent, W. F. (1997). Strategies of adaptation by Antarctic cyanobacteria to ultraviolet radiation. European Journal of Phycology 32: 335–42.Google Scholar

Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Svoboda, M.et al. (2008). Arctic Report Card 2008. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard.

Ross, S. E., Callaghan, T. V., Sheffield, E. & Sonesson, M. (2001). Variation and control of growth form in the moss Hylocomium splendens. Journal of Bryology 23: 283–92.Google Scholar

Rosswall, T., Veum, A. & Kärenlampi, L. (1975). Plant litter decomposition at Fennoscandian tundra sites. In Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems vol. 1, Plants and Microorganisms, ed. Wiegolaski, F. E., pp. 268–77. Berlin: Springer.CrossRef

Rozema, J., Björn, L. O., Bornman, J. F.et al. (2002). The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems – an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B. Biology 66: 2–12.Google Scholar

Russell, S. (1990). Bryophyte production and decomposition in tundra ecosystems. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 3–22.Google Scholar

Ryan, K. G., Burne, A. & Seppelt, R. D. (2009). Historical ozone concentrations and flavonoid levels in herbarium specimens of the Antarctic moss Bryum argenteum. Global Change Biology 15: 1694–1702.Google Scholar

Sage, R. F. & Kubien, D. S. (2007). The temperature response of C3 and C4 photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment 30: 1086–106.Google Scholar

Sandvik, S. M. & Heegaard, E. (2003). Effects of simulated environmental changes on growth and growth form in a late snowbed population of Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web et Mohr) André. Arctic, Antarctic & Alpine Research 35: 341–8.Google Scholar

Schipperges, B. & Gehrke, C. (1996). Photosynthetic characteristics of subarctic mosses and lichens. Ecological Bulletins 45: 121–6.Google Scholar

Serreze, M. C., Walsh, J. E., Chapin, F. S.et al. (2000). Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46: 159–207.Google Scholar

Smith, R. I. L. (1994). Vascular plants as bioindicators of regional warming in Antarctica. Oecologia 99: 322–8.Google Scholar

Solga, A. & Frahm, J. P. (2006). Nitrogen accumulation by six pleurocarpous moss species and their suitability for monitoring nitrogen deposition. Journal of Bryology 28: 46–52.Google Scholar

Solheim, B., Johanson, U., Callaghan, T. V.et al. (2002). The nitrogen fixation potential of arctic cryptogam species is influenced by enhanced UV-B radiation. Oecologia 133: 90–3.Google Scholar

Sonesson, M., Carlsson, B. A., Callaghan, T. V.et al. (2002). Growth of two peat-forming mosses in subarctic mires: species interactions and effects of simulated climate change. Oikos 99: 151–60.Google Scholar

Sonesson, M., Gehrke, C. & Tjus, M. (1992). Carbon dioxide environment, microclimate and photosynthetic characteristics of the moss Hylocomium splendens in a subarctic habitat. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 92: 23–9.Google Scholar

Sturm, M., Racine, C. & Tape, K. (2001). Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature (London) 411: 546–7.Google Scholar

Sundqvist, M. K., Björk, R. G. & Molau, U. (2008). Establishment of boreal forest species in alpine dwarf shrub heath in subarctic Sweden. Plant Ecology & Diversity 1: 67–75.Google Scholar

Svensson, B. M. (1995). Competition between Sphagnum fuscum and Drosera rotundifolia: a case of ecosystems engineering. Oikos 74: 205–12.Google Scholar

Tarnawski, M., Melick, D., Roser, D.et al. (1992). In situ carbon dioxide levels in cushion and turf forms of Grimmia antarctici at Casey Station, East Antarctica. Journal of Bryology 17: 241–9.Google Scholar

Tenhunen, J. D., Lange, O. L., Hahn, S., Siegwolf, R. & Oberbauer, S. F. (1992). The ecosystem role of poikilohydric tundra plants. In Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate, ed. Chapin, F. S. I., Jefferies, R. L., Reynolds, J. F., Shaver, G. R. & Svoboda, J., pp. 213–56. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRef

Bogaert, R., Walker, D., Jia, G. J.et al. (2008). Recent Changes in Vegetation. In The Arctic Report Card 2008, ed. Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Svoboda, M.et al. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard.

Cleve, K., Oechel, W. C. & Hom, J. L. (1990). Response of black spruce (Picea mariana) ecosystems to soil temperature modification in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 1530–5.Google Scholar

Wal, R. & Brooker, R. W. (2004). Mosses mediate grazer impacts on grass abundance in arctic ecosystems. Functional Ecology 18: 77–86.Google Scholar

Wal, R., Lieshout, S. & Loonen, M. (2001). Herbivore impact on moss depth, soil temperature and arctic plant growth. Polar Biology 24: 29–32.Google Scholar

Wijk, M. T., Clemmensen, K. E., Shaver, G. R.et al. (2003). Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska, and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Global Change Biology 10: 105–23.Google Scholar

Vitt, D. H. & Pakarinen, P. (1977). The bryophyte vegetation production and organic components of Truelove Lowland. In Truelove Lowland, Canada: A High Arctic Ecosystem, ed. Bliss, L. C., pp. 225–44. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.

Walker, M. (1996). Community baseline measurements for ITEX studies. In ITEX manual, 2nd edn, ed. Molau, U. & Mølgaard, P., pp. 39–41. Copenhagen: International Tundra Experiment.

Walker, M. D., Wahren, H. C., Hollister, R. D.et al. (2006). Plant community responses to experimental warming across tundra biome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 1342–6.Google Scholar

Wasley, J., Robinson, S. A., Lovelock, C. E. & Popp, M. (2006). Some like it wet – biological characteristics and underpinning tolerance of extreme water stress events in Antarctic bryophytes. Functional Plant Ecology 33: 443–55.Google Scholar

Webber, P. J. (1978). Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its production, Barrow, Alaska. In Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra, ed. Tieszen, L. L., pp. 37–112. Ecological Studies 29. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef

Wielgolaski, F. E., Bliss, L. C., Svoboda, J. & Doyle, G. (1981). Primary production of tundra. In Tundra Ecosystems: a Comparative Analysis, ed. Bliss, L. C., Heal, O. W. & Moore, J. J., pp. 187–226. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wijk, S. (1986). Performance of Salix herbacea in an alpine snow-bed gradient. Journal of Ecology 74: 675–84.Google Scholar

Woolgrove, C. E. & Woodin, S. J. (1996). Current and historical relationships between the tissue nitrogen content of a snowbed bryophyte and nitrogenous air pollution. Environmental Pollution 91: 283–8.Google Scholar

Book contents

11 - Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive