Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T19:12:38.539Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Bipolar II Disorder in Context: A Review of Its Epidemiology, Disability and Economic Burden

from Section 1 - Domain Chapters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2018

Gordon Parker
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Bipolar II Disorder
Modelling, Measuring and Managing
, pp. 49 - 59
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., Lancrenon, S., et al. (2006). Validating the bipolar spectrum in the French National EPIDEP Study: overview of the phenomenology and relative prevalence of its clinical prototypes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96, 197205.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Benazzi, F. (2005). Optimizing the detection of bipolar II disorder in outpatient private practice: toward a systematization of clinical diagnostic wisdom. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 914–21.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Pinto, O. (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 517–34.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (2006). Do many patients with depression suffer from bipolar disorder? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angst, J. (2013). Bipolar disorders in DSM-5: strengths, problems and perspectives. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 1, 12.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Adolfsson, R., Benazzi, F., et al. (2005). The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 217–33.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., Bowden, C. L., et al. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 791–8.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Ganna, A., Benazzi, F., et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Ganna, A., Bowden, C. L., et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for bipolarity based on an international sample of 5,635 patients with DSM-IV major depressive episodes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 262, 311.Google Scholar
Baethge, C., Salvatore, P. and Baldessarini, R. J. (2003). Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder. History of Psychiatry, 14, 377–99.Google Scholar
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., Floris, G. et al. (2000). Effects of rapid cycling on response to lithium maintenance treatment in 360 bipolar I and II disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 1322.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (2004). Bipolar II disorder family history using the family history screen: findings and clinical implications. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 7782.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (2007). Bipolar II disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs, 21, 727–40.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, H. G., Shi, L., Dial, E., et al. (2003). Economic consequences of not recognizing bipolar disorder patients: a cross-sectional descriptive analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 1201–9.Google Scholar
Bobo, W. V., Na, P. J., Geske, J. R., et al. (2018). The relative influence of individual risk factors for attempted suicide in patients with bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 489–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., et al. (2011). Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 165–74.Google Scholar
Calvo-Perxas, L., Garre-Olmo, J. and Vilalta-Franch, J. (2015). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of depressive and bipolar disorders in Catalonia (Spain) using DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 97103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., et al. (1995). Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 385–90.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Solomon, D., Turvey, C., et al. (2003). The long-term course of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 914–20.Google Scholar
Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A. et al. (2013). Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 931–9.Google Scholar
Dilsaver, S. C. (2011). An estimate of the minimum economic burden of bipolar I and II disorders in the United States: 2009. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, 7983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunner, D. L. (1992). Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunner, D. L., Gershon, E. S. and Goodwin, F. K. (1976). Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biological Psychiatry, 11, 3142.Google ScholarPubMed
Fassassi, S., Vandeleur, C., Aubry, J. M., et al. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 bipolar and related disorders and hyperthymic personality in the community. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 198205.Google Scholar
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., et al. (2014). The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One, 9, e91936.Google Scholar
Ferrari, A. J., Stockings, E., Khoo, J. P., et al. (2016). The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Bipolar Disorders, 18, 440–50.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Hsu, D. J., Soldani, F. et al. (2003). Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disorders, 5, 421–33.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y. and Goodwin, F. K. (2002). ‘Cade's disease’ and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 125–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, J. F., Harrow, M. and Whitewide, J. E. (2001). Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1265–70.Google Scholar
Goldstein, B. I., Liu, S. M., Zivkovic, N., et al. (2011). The burden of obesity among adults with bipolar disorder in the United States. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 387–95.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K.R. (1990). Manic Depressive Illness, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greenwood, T. A. (2017). Positive traits in the bipolar spectrum: the space between madness and genius. Molecular Neuropsychiatry, 2, 198212.Google Scholar
Hantouche, E. G., Akiskal, H. S., Lancrenon, S., et al. (1998). Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a French national multi-site study (EPIDEP). Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 163–73.Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S. and Grant, B. F. (2015). The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 1609–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, J. F., Miles, J., Walters, K., et al. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131, 417–25.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. and Vornik, L. A. (2004). Recognition and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 Suppl. 15, 59.Google ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, R. M. and Vornik, L. A. (2005). Bipolar disorder – costs and comorbidity. The American Journal of Managed Care, 11, 8590.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L. and Akiskal, H. S. (2003). The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 123–31.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., et al. (2003a). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., et al. (2005). Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1322–30.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Akiskal, H. S., et al. (2003b). Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 127–37.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Solomon, D. A., et al. (2008). Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 4958.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., et al. (2006). Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1561–8.Google Scholar
Koukopoulos, A. (2003). Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 199205.Google Scholar
Krishnan, K. R. (2005). Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 18.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. (2005). The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2528–30.Google Scholar
Kupka, R. W., Altshuler, L. L., Nolen, W. A., et al. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 531–5.Google Scholar
Li, J., McCombs, J. S. and Stimmel, G. L. (2002). Cost of treating bipolar disorder in the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 131–9.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, D. F. and Pies, R. (2006). Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 114.Google Scholar
McCombs, J. S., Ahn, J., Tencer, T., et al. (2007). The impact of unrecognized bipolar disorders among patients treated for depression with antidepressants in the fee-for-services California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program: a 6-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97, 171–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Altshuler, L. L., Suppes, T., et al. (2001). Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 420–6.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R. S., Soczynska, J. K., Cha, D. S., et al. H. (2015). The prevalence and illness characteristics of DSM-5-defined ‘mixed feature specifier’ in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: results from the International Mood Disorders Collaborative Project. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 259–64.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 543–52.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., et al. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 241–51.Google Scholar
Novick, D. M., Swartz, H. A. and Frank, E. (2010). Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 19.Google Scholar
Pallaskorpi, S., Suominen, K., Ketokivi, M., et al. (2017). Incidence and predictors of suicide attempts in bipolar I and II disorders: a 5-year follow-up study. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 1322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., et al. (2013). Is comorbid borderline personality disorder in patients with major depressive episode and bipolarity a developmental subtype? Findings from the international BRIDGE study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 72–8.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M. (2016). Relationships between mixed features and borderline personality disorder in 2811 patients with major depressive episode. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133–43.Google Scholar
Rihmer, Z. and Pestality, P. (1999). Bipolar II disorder and suicidal behaviour. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 667–73, ixx.Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, M., Macqueen, G., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2012). The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid personality disorders. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24, 5668.Google Scholar
Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B. and Katon, W. (2009). Premature mortality from general medical illnesses among persons with bipolar disorder: a review. Psychiatric Services, 60, 147–56.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Otto, M. W., Weiss, R. D., et al. (2004). Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions: baseline data from STEP-BD. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 512–20.Google Scholar
Soares, O. T., Moreno, D. H., Moura, E. C., et al. (2010). Reliability and validity of a Brazilian version of the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) compared to the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 32, 416–23.Google Scholar
Sole, B., Bonnin, C. M., Torrent, C., et al. (2012). Neurocognitive impairment and psychosocial functioning in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 309–17.Google Scholar
Sole, B., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., et al. (2011). Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 41, 17911803.Google Scholar
Srivastava, S. and Ketter, T. A. (2010). The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 522–30.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L., et al. (2005). Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: a sex-specific phenomenon. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1089–96.Google Scholar
Swann, A. C. (2011). Antisocial personality and bipolar disorder: interactions in impulsivity and course of illness. Neuropsychiatry (London), 1, 599610.Google Scholar
Tafalla, M., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Dez, T., et al. (2009). Screening for bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample of outpatients with current major depressive episode. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 299304.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Lepri, B. and Baldessarini, R. J. (2007). Suicidal risks among 2826 Sardinian major affective disorder patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 419–28.Google Scholar
Torrent, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Daban, C., et al. (2006). Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 254–9.Google Scholar
Valtonen, H., Suominen, K., Mantere, O., et al. (2005). Suicidal ideation and attempts in bipolar I and II disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1456–62.Google Scholar
Valtonen, H., Suominen, K., Haukka, J., et al. (2008). Differences in incidence of suicide attempts during phases of bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 588–96.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Bulbena, A., et al. (2007). Cross validation with the mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) of an instrument for the detection of hypomania in Spanish: the 32 item hypomania symptom check list (HCL-32). Journal of Affective Disorders, 101, 4355.Google Scholar
Wingo, A.P., Baldessarini, R.J., Holtzheimer, P.E., et al. (2010). Factors associated with functional recovery in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disorders, 12(3), 319–26Google Scholar
Yatham, L. N. (2005). Diagnosis and management of patients with bipolar II disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66 Suppl. 1, 1317.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Okusaga, O. O., Quevedo, J., et al. (2016). The potential association between obesity and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 120–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M. and Morgan, T. A. (2013). Problematic boundaries in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: the interface with borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 422.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., et al. (2008). Is bipolar disorder overdiagnosed? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 935–40.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×