Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Challenges, Risks, and Rewards: Learning to Control Our Biological Fate
- 2 Learning to Breed Successfully
- 3 How Life is Handed On
- 4 Cells in Sickness and Health
- 5 Experiences in Utero Affect Later Life
- 6 Infection, Nutrition, and Poisons: Avoiding an Unhealthy Life
- 7 Signs of Ageing: When Renovation Slows
- 8 Cancer and the Body Plan: A Darwinian Struggle
- 9 Fighting Infection
- 10 Are Devastating Epidemics Still Possible?
- 11 Discovering Medicines: Infinite Variety through Chemistry
- 12 Protein Medicines from Gene Technology
- 13 Refurbishing the Body
- 14 Living with the Genetic Legacy
- 15 Epilogue: Signposts to “Wonderland”
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 August 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Challenges, Risks, and Rewards: Learning to Control Our Biological Fate
- 2 Learning to Breed Successfully
- 3 How Life is Handed On
- 4 Cells in Sickness and Health
- 5 Experiences in Utero Affect Later Life
- 6 Infection, Nutrition, and Poisons: Avoiding an Unhealthy Life
- 7 Signs of Ageing: When Renovation Slows
- 8 Cancer and the Body Plan: A Darwinian Struggle
- 9 Fighting Infection
- 10 Are Devastating Epidemics Still Possible?
- 11 Discovering Medicines: Infinite Variety through Chemistry
- 12 Protein Medicines from Gene Technology
- 13 Refurbishing the Body
- 14 Living with the Genetic Legacy
- 15 Epilogue: Signposts to “Wonderland”
- References
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Biomedicine and the Human ConditionChallenges, Risks, and Rewards, pp. 321 - 340Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2005
References
, and (2000) Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Ann. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 1, 361–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, W. (2000) Human evolution and prehistory. Harcourt
Keynes, R. (2002) Annie's Box. Fourth Estate
, and (1985) Palaeolithic nutrition: A consideration of its nature and current implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 312, 283–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClaren, A. (1978) Birth control in nineteenth century England. Croom Helm
Hardy, A. (2001) Health and medicine in Britain since 1860. Palgrave
Riley, J. (2001) Rising life expectancy: a global history. Cambridge University Press
(1978) The Rockefeller Foundation and the development of scientific medicine in Great Britain. Minerva 16, 20–41CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomes, N. (1998) The gospel of germs: Men, women, and the microbe in American life. Harvard University Press
Miles, A. (1966) The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 1891–1966. Nature 212, 559CrossRef
Tuchman, B. (1962) The proud tower. MacMillan
Austoker, J. (1988) A history of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 1902–1986. Oxford University Press
Hare, R. (1970) The birth of penicillin. Allen and Unwin
Fosdick, R. (1952) The history of the Rockefeller Foundation. Harper
Corner, G. (1964) A history of the Rockefeller Institute. Rockefeller University Press
Edwards, R., and Steptoe, P. (1980) A matter of life. Hutchinson
(1971) Integration of medical research and health policies. Science 173, 1093CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (1965) Does the United States have a science policy? Nature 217, 225–31
Strauss, S. (2000) www:nccam.nih.gov/ne/testimony/houseoflords.html
(1992) Sir Austin Bradford Hill and the progress of medical science. BMJ 305, 1521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obituary. (2003) Louis Lasagna. BMJ 327, 565CrossRef
Smith, F. B. (1979) The peoples health 1830–1910. Holmes and Meier
Diamond, J. (1998) Guns, Germs, and Steel. Vintage
Shaw, G. B. (1911) Preface to The Doctors Dilemma. Penguin
Rosenberg, D., and Bloom, H. (1990) The Story of J. Faber and Faber
Youngson, A. J. (1979) The scientific revolution in Victorian medicine. Holmes and Meier
(1996) Doctor James Young Simpson, Rabbi Abraham de Sola and Genesis Chapter 3, Verse 16. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88, 895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Who said childbirth is natural? The medical mission of Grantly Dick Read. Anaesthesiology 84, 955–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Consumer demand for caesarean sections in Brazil. BMJ 324, 942–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. (1989) Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Castlemead
(1993) “Humanizing” milk: The formulation of artificial feeds for infants (1850–1910). Med. Hist. 37, 225–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. (1988) The retreat of tuberculosis, 1850–1950. Croom Helm
. (2003) Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: Follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 326, 958–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, W. (1976) Plagues and peoples. Basil Blackwell
CIA (2002) World Fact Book. www.cia.gov
Parliament. (1999) House of Commons research paper 99/111. House of Commons
McKeown, T. (1988) The origins of human disease. Basil Blackwell
Halsey, A. (1972) Trends in British society since 1900. Macmillan
Stevenson, J. (1984) British society 1914–45. Penguin
Djerassi, C. (1962) The Pill, pygmy chimps, and Degas' horse. Basic Books
(1980) Margaret Sanger: Birth control's successful revolutionary. Am. J. Public Health 70, 736–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, I. (2002) EU replaces cash denied to UN family planning by US. The Guardian, London, July 24
Harris, J. (1992) Clones, genes, and immortality
Editorial. (1968) Ethics and abortion. BMJ 2, 3CrossRef
(2000) Emergency contraception: Methods and efficacy. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 12, 175–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) The development of Mifepristone: A pharmaceutical drama in three acts. Am. Med. Women's Ass. 55 (suppl.) 117–120Google Scholar
, , , and (1981) Pregnancies in humans by fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer in the controlled ovulatory cycle. Science 212, 681–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1983) Current status of in-vitro fertilisation and implantation of human embryos. The Lancet 2, 1265–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) In vitro fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Bioessays 21, 791–8013.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosden, R. (1999) Designer babies. Phoenix
. (2000) Clinical experience and applications of oocyte cryopreservation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 169, 33–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (1985) Powell bites dust: The British government needs to think hard about surrogacy. Nature 314, 568CrossRef
. (2002) Neurological sequelae in children born after in-vitro fertilisation: A population-based study. Lancet 359, 461–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, L. (1998) Remaking Eden: Cloning, genetic engineering and the future of humankind? Phoenix
McCarty, M. (1985) The transforming principle. Norton
Judson, T. (1979) The eighth day of creation. Jonathan Cape
(1993) Looking backwards: A birthday card for the double helix. Gene 135, 15–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements in ageing human brain and in situ PCR of mtDNA. Neurology. Ageing 20, 565–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Mitochondrial mutations may drive Y chromosome evolution. Bioessays 24, 275–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Active site mutation in DNA polymerase gamma associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia causes error-prone DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 15225–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Disputed maternity leading to identification of tetragametic chimerismN. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1545–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monod, J. (1972) Chance and Necessity. Collins
(1997) The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8380–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 1, 22–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1, 40–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Alu repeats and human disease. Mol. Genet. Metab. 67, 183–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Frequency of recent retrotransposition events in the human factor IX gene. Hum. Mutat. 17, 511–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409, 860–921CrossRef
, and (2001) Transposable elements are found in a large number of human protein-coding genes. Trends Genet. 17, 619–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) Interspersed repeats and other mementoes of transposable elements in mammalian genomes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9, 657–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) Human L1 retrotransposition is associated with genetic instability in vivo. Cell 110, 327–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1983) Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the ‘pre-antibiotic’ era. Nature 302, 725–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Comparison of Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity islands in sixth and seventh pandemic strains. Infect. Immun. 69, 1947–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2001) Pathogen evolution: How good bacteria go bad, Curr Biol 11, R53–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1997) How Salmonella became a pathogen. Trends Microbiol. 5, 343–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) The heritability of human longevity: A population-based study of 2872 Danish twin pairs born 1870–1900. Hum. Genet. 97, 319–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins. Twin Res. 1, 196–205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer – analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 78–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weatherall, D. (1991) The new genetics and clinical practice. Oxford University Press
, , and (1980) Height, weight and menarcheal age of Oslo schoolchildren during the last 60 years. Ann. Hum. Biol. 7, 307–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floud, R., Wachter, K., and Gregory, A. (1990) Height, health and history. Cambridge University Press
, , , and (2000) Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science 289, 2366–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberts, B., et al., (2002) The molecular biology of the cell. Garland
Ridley, M. (2003) Nature via nurture. Fourth Estate
Porter, R. (1997) The greatest benefit to mankind. Oxford University Press
. (2003) Telomerase maintains telomere structure in normal human cells. Cell 114, 241–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Transcriptional repression, apoptosis, human disease and the functional evolution of the nuclear lamina. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 41–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) The machinery of mitochondrial inheritance and behaviour. Science 283, 1493–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. (1998) Evidence from human oocytes for a genetic bottleneck in an mtDNA disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 769–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) The endomembrane requirement for cell surface repair. PNAS 100, 4592–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1993) Motor neurons and neurofilaments in sickness and in health. Cell 73, 1–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) The molecular basis of lysosomal storage diseases and their treatment. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28, 150–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88, 347–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1992) Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356, 397–400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) To die or not to die: An overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 279, 300–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) A genetic disorder of lymphocyte apoptosis involving the fas pathway: The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 1, 534–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) The immune privilege of corneal allografts. Transplantation 67, 1503–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: A proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3, 655–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1999) Apoptosis in human disease: A new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 266, 699–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) p53 the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayflick, L. (1994) How and why we age. Ballantine Books
, and (2001) Mitochondria – the suicide organelles. Bioessays 23, 111–153.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) Of mice and men: Genetic disorders of the cytoskeleton (Keith R. Porter Lecture, 1996). Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 189–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dynes, M. (2003) Miracle birth of the elusive baby found growing on mother's liver. The Times, May 24
Nilsson, L. (1990) A child is born. Dell
Brent, L., and Owen, R. (1996) A history of transplantation immunology. Academic Press
Barker, D. (1998) Mothers, babies and health in later life. Churchill Livingston
Wolpert, L. (1991) The triumph of the embryo. Oxford University Press
, , , and (2000) Cytogenetics and mechanisms of spontaneous abortions: Increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in chromosomally abnormal villi. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 88, 230–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1996) The incidence, origin, and etiology of aneuploidy. Int. Rev. Cytol. 167, 263–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses radiation-induced teratogenesis. Nat. Med. 2, 577–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2000) Hypersensitivity to DNA damage leads to increased apoptosis during early mouse development. Genes Dev. 14, 2072–84Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1980) The effect of rehabilitation at different stages of development of rats marginally malnourished for ten to twelve generations. Br. J. Nutr. 43, 403–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Editorial: Nutrition, glucocorticoids, birth size, and adult disease. Endocrinology 142, 1689–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) The selfish brain and the Barker hypothesis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 942–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) In utero undernutrition impairs rat beta-cell development. Diabetologia 40, 1231–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 127, 4195–202Google ScholarPubMed
, and (1996) Folic acid and the prevention of birth defects. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 16, 73–97CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Meulen, J., et al. (1999) Fetal programming associated with the Dutch famine 1944–5. In Fetal Programming: Influences on Development and Disease in Later Life, ed. P. O'Brien, T. Wheeler, and D. J. P. Barker. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, pp. 45–56
Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., and Marolla, F. (1975) Famine and human development: The Dutch hunger winter of 1944–1945. Oxford University Press
Boyd-Orr, J. (1936) Food, health and income. Macmillan
. (1999) Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study. BMJ 318, 427–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trowell, H., and Burkitt, D. (1981) Western diseases, their emergence and prevention. Harvard University Press
(2003) Intrauterine factors, adiposity and hyperinsulinaemia. BMJ 327, 880–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, D. (1999) Health, civilisation and the state. Routledge
Le Fanu, J. (1999) The rise and fall of modern medicine. Little, Brown
, and (2000) Fetal, infant, and childhood growth are predictors of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension in adult men and women. Environ. Health. Perspect. 108 (suppl. 3) 545–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1991) Interactions between early nutrition and the immune system. Ciba. Found. Symp. 156, 77–89Google ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Season of birth predicts mortality in rural Gambia. Nature 388, 434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, T., and Brynner, R. (2001) Dark remedy: The impact of thalidomide and its revival as a vital medicine. Perseus
Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J. (1997) Our stolen future. Abacus
Ibarreta, D. and Swan, S. (2002) The DES story: Long term consequences of prenatal exposure. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, ed. Poul Harremoës et al. European Environment Agency, pp. 90–9
(2000) Endocrine disrupters: Panel cautiously confirms low-dose effects. Science 290, 695–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2003) Bisphenol exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr. Biol. 13, 546–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1996) Perinatal management of the lower margin of viability. Arch. Dis. Child 74, F214–F218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Premature babies have high death and disability rate. BMJ 321, 467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 weeks' gestation in the north of England between 1983 and 1994. BMJ 314, 107–11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Surfactant deficiency in hyaline membrane disease: The story of discovery. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161, 1074–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003) Essential fat requirements of preterm infants., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 245–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1987) Sensory deprivation stress and supplemental stimulation in the rat pup and preterm human neonate. Child Dev. 58, 1431–47CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1995) Preterm delivery and low birth weight – a dire legacy. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1772–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Long-term consequences of early linear growth retardation (stunting) in Swedish children. Pediatr. Res. 47, 475–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogin, B. (1999) Patterns of human growth. Cambridge University Press
(2001) How the immune system works to protect the host from infection: A personal view. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7461–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415, 389–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1975) An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3666–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 55, 77–104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296, 490–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Role of microbial burden in aetiology of allergy and asthma. Lancet 354 (suppl. 2). SII12–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) New concepts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rev. Med. 54, 197–216CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287, 303–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Pellagra in the United States: A historical perspective. South. Med. J. 93, 272–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1981) Personal reflections on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in Oslo during the Second World War. Acta. Med. Scand. 210, 245–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 171S–5SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Protection against breast cancer with genistein: A component of soy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1705S–7S; discussion 1708S–9SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10367–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Human health effects of dioxins: Cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects. Hum. Reprod. Update 7, 331–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1987) Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236, 271–280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M. (2001) Immunobiology. Garland Publishing
, , and (2000) A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries. Nature 405, 789–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1995) Understanding ageing. Cambridge University Press
Davey, B., Halliday, T., and Hirst, M. (2001) Human biology and health: An evolutionary approach. Open University
(1956) Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956 11, 298–300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 78, 547–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Extension of life-span with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics. Science 289, 1567–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations: A causal role in sarcopenia. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 2010–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) The mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging: Accumulation of damaged mitochondria as a result of imperfect autophagocytosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1996–2002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Age-related macular degeneration: The lipofusion component N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine detaches proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria and induces apoptosis in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39625–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2002) Apoptosis in skeletal muscle with aging. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R519–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1990) Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 1–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 deficiency on ageing and longevity. Novartis Found. Symp. 242, 125–37; discussion 137–42Google ScholarPubMed
(2001) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and longevity: New clues for an old friend. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8167–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1997) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: A biomarker of primate aging slowed by calorie restriction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 2093–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Neutrophil ageing and immunesenescence. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122, 1521–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408, 239–47CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Signals from the reproductive system regulate the lifespan of C. elegans. Nature 399, 362–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10469–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5093–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) Relationship between donor age and the replicative lifespan of human cells in culture: A reevaluation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10614–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998) How might replicative senescence contribute to human ageing? Bioessays 20, 985–913.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Demonstration of cellular aging and senescence in serially passaged long-term cultures of human trabecular osteoblasts. Osteoporosis Int. 7, 514–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Telomeres and replicative senescence: Is it only length that counts? Cancer Lett. 168, 111–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001) Ageing and cancer: The telomere and telomerase connection. Novartis Found. Symp. 235, 116–25; discussion 125–9, 146–9Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (1998) Telomeres, the nucleolus and aging. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10, 332–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarcz, J. (2001) The genie in the bottle. Freeman
(1983) “O that I were young again”: Yeats and the Steinach operation. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 287, 1964–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcor Life Extension Foundation. (2000). www.alcor.org
Hall, S. (2003) In vivo vitalis? Compounds activate life-extending genes. Science 301, 1165CrossRef
Kirkwood, T. The time of our lives. Weidenfeld and Nicholson
Rettig, R. (1977) Cancer crusade. Princeton University Press
(1989) Current carcinogen perspectives: De minimis, Delaney and decisions. Sci. Total Environ. 86, 5–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1976) DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260, 170–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972) Cancer virus theories: Focus of research debate. Science 177, 44–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature 411, 390–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukaemias. Science 278, 1059–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000) A critical role for telomeres in suppressing and facilitating carcinogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 39–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Public health. Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water. Science 296, 2143–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1979) Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer. Science 204, 587–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1994) Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: Possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 305, 253–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iversen, L. (2001) Drugs: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press
Weinberg, R. (1997) Racing to the start of the road: The search for the origin of cancer. Bantam
. (1992) Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: Indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 339, 1268–78CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Tobacco company claims that smokers help the economy. BMJ 323, 126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1969) Rigoni-Stern and medical statistics: A nineteenth-century approach to cancer research. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 24, 65–75CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat. Res. 146, 1–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obituary. (2002) Dr. Alice Stewart. New York Times
Gee, D., and M. Greenberg. (2002) Asbestos: From ‘magic’ to malevolent mineral. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, ed. Poul Harremoës et al. European Environment Agency, pp. 49–63
(2002) Virology: Monkey virus link to cancer grows stronger. Science 296, 1012–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) Cancer prevention and diet: Help from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12216–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Salicylic acid in the serum of subjects not taking aspirin: Comparison of salicylic acid concentrations in the serum of vegetarians, non-vegetarians, and patients taking low dose aspirin. J. Clin. Pathol. 54, 553–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doll, R., and Armstrong, B. (1980) Cancer. In Western Diseases, Their Emergence and Prevention, ed. H. Trowell and D. Burkitt. Harvard University Press, pp. 93–112
Leaf, C. (2004) Why we're losing the war on cancer and how to win. Fortune, March 22, 42–9
, and (2002) Molecular insights into the history of plague. Microbes Infect. 4, 105–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halleyday, S. (1999) The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian metropolis. Sutton Publishing
(2000) The origins and precolonial epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Americas: Can we figure them out? Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 4, 395–400Google ScholarPubMed
(2000) Immunization and the American way: Four childhood vaccines. Am. J. Public Health. 90, 199–207Google Scholar
, and (1998) Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4, 539–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) “A calculated risk”: The Salk polio vaccine field trials of 1954. BMJ 317, 1233–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Virology: Poliomyelitis eradication–a dangerous endgame. Science 296, 269–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Animal origins of human infectious disease (Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 356, 957–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) Public health: Creeping consensus on SV40 and polio vaccine. Science 298, 725–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 81, 165–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1477–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1987) Puerperal fever, the streptococcus, and the sulphonamides, 1911–1945. BMJ 295, 485–490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) WHO advises kicking the livestock antibiotic habit. Science 301, 1027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and – resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9865–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Drug companies snub antibiotics as pipeline threatens to run dry. Nature 425, 225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature 406, 64–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 10567–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, D. (1999) Blood. Warner
, and (2003) Virus detectives seek source of SARS in China's wild animals. Nature 423, 467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Emerging diseases: On the trail of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Science 290, 923–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) The threat of smallpox and bioterrorism. Trends Microbiol. 9, 15–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosby, A. (1989) America's forgotten pandemic. Cambridge University Press
, , and (2000) The 1918 influenza virus: A killer comes into view. Virology 274, 241–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) In pursuit of influenza: Fort Monmouth to Valhalla (and back). Bioessays 19, 641–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001) Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic HIV in Africa. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 356, 911–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, E., (2000) The river: A journey back to the source of HIV and AIDS. Penguin
. (1999) Infectivity of scrapie prions bound to a stainless steel surface. Mol. Med. 5, 240–3Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003) Factors determining the pattern of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic in the UK. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 270, 689–98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003) Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics. Science 300, 640–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15, 564–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielman, A., and D'Antonio, M. (2001) Mosquito: The story of mans deadliest foe. Faber and Faber
, (2004) Cities spawn epidemic dengue viruses. Nature, Medicine 10, 129–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1997) A land filled with mosquitoes: Fred L. Soper, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the anopheles gambiae invasion of Brazil. Med. Anthropol. 17, 215–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajtchuk, R. (1997) Textbook of military medicine: Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. http://www.vnh.org/MedAspChemBioWar/ chapters
Sneador, W. (1985) Drug discovery: The evolution of modern medicines. Wiley
, and (2002) Functional versus chemical diversity: Is biodiversity important for drug discovery? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23, 225–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) A novel antimicrobial agent joins the battle against resistant bacteria. Ann. Intern. Med. 130, 155–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Protein kinases as targets for anticancer agents: From inhibitors to useful drugs. Pharmacol. Ther. 93, 79–98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeffer, N. (1993) The stork and the syringe: A political history of reproductive medicine. Polity Press
Healy, D. (2003) The creation of psychopharmacology. Harvard University Press
(2000) Uneasy alliance – clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1539–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) University accused of violating academic freedom to safeguard funding from drug companies. BMJ 323, 591CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Are stimulants overprescribed for youths with ADHD?Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 12, 55–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (2003) How a statin might destroy a drug company. The Lancet 361, 793CrossRef
, and (2002) The pharmaceutical industry as a medicines provider. The Lancet 16, 1590–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Biotech thinking comes to academic medical centres. Science 299, 1303–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, S., (1988) Invisible frontiers. Atlantic
, , and (2001) Recombinant DNA technology in the treatment of diabetes: Insulin analogs. Endocr. Rev. 22, 706–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornberg, A. (1995) The golden helix: Inside biotech ventures. University Science Books
, and (1999) Genentech pays $200m over growth hormone ‘theft’. Nature 402, 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002) Public biotechnology 2001 – the numbers. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 551–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, (1998) Commercialisation of proteins produced in the mammary gland. Theriogeniology 49, 139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998) Biotech pharmaceuticals and biotherapy: An overview. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1, 48–59Google ScholarPubMed
. (1996) Group A streptococcal bacteremia: The role of tumor necrosis factor in shock and organ failure. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 619–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1995) The production of recombinant human erythropoietin. Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 1, 297–313CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) Biological properties of recombinant alpha-interferons: 40th anniversary of the discovery of interferons. Cancer Res. 58, 2489–99Google ScholarPubMed
(1994) Cytokine therapeutics: Lessons from interferon alpha. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 91, 1198–1205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, J. B. (1986) Gonadotrophins. In Infertility: Male and Female, ed. V. Insier and B. Lunenfield. Churchill Livingston, pp. 000–000
, and (1998) Science, medicine, and the future: Assessing thrombotic risk. BMJ 317, 520–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor secreted from tissue-engineered bioartificial muscles promotes localized angiogenesis. Circulation 104, 594–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2000) Angiogenesis: Potentials for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammation. Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 237–68Google ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) Delivering on the promise of bone morphogenetic proteins. Trends Biotechnol. 19, 255–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 638–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomalin, C. (2002) Samuel Pepys: The unequalled self. Penguin Viking
Obituary. (2000) Rene Favaloro. The Times (London), July 31
, , and (2003) Cartilage repair with chondrocytes: Clinical and cellular aspects. Novartis Found. Symp. 249, 175–86Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1999) De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 149–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Tissue engineering – current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science 295, 1009–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dynes, M. (2003) Heart transplant secret of the hospital gardiner. The Times (London), April 26
(1999) English teenager given heart transplant against her will. BMJ 319, 209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayes, T. (2003) Ailing tycoon buys Pakistan girl's kidney. The Sunday Times (London), March 23
Mufson, S. (2001) Chinese doctor tells of organ removals after executions. Washington Post, June 27, p. A1
. (2001) Transplantation of islets of Langerhans: New developments. Swiss Med. Wkly. 131, 671–80Google Scholar
. (2001) Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Science 292, 1389–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Good, R. (1971) Immunodeficiency in developmental perspective. The Harvey Lectures, series 67, 1–107
(1986) The application of bone marrow transplantation to the treatment of genetic diseases. Science 232, 1373–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1989) Hematopoietic reconstitution in a patient with Fanconi's anemia by means of umbilical-cord blood from an HLA-identical sibling. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 1174–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Fetal neuron grafts pave the way for stem cell therapies. Science 287, 1421–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells. Science 277, 2000–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282, 1145–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Familial tetralogy of fallot caused by mutation in the jagged gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 163–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1969) Hemophilia in the Talmud and rabbinic writings. Ann. Intern. Med. 70, 833–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1983) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 298–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1978) Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30, 256–61Google ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Active intestinal chloride secretion in human carriers of cystic fibrosis mutations: An evaluation of the hypothesis that heterozygotes have subnormal active intestinal chloride secretion. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 1422–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Incest, cousin marriage, and the origin of the human sciences in the nineteenth century. Past and Present Society 174, 155–83Google Scholar
, and (1993) Screening and prenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 6, 263–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Genetic counselling and customary consanguineous marriage. Nature, Genetics 3, 225–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Screening and prevention in Tay-Sachs disease: Origins, update, and impact. Adv. Genet. 44, 253–65Google ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) The Dor Yeshorim story: Community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs disease. Adv. Genet. 44, 297–310Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1990) Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification. Nature 344, 768–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rifkin, J., (1998) The biotech century. Victor Gollanz
Editorial. (1994) China's misconception of eugenics. Nature 367, 3
(2001) Adam Nash: Legally speaking, a happy ending or slippery slope? Reprod. Biomed. Online 2, 6–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shakespeare, T. (2003) How perfect do we want our babies to be?, The Sunday Times (London), November 23
Dyer, C. (2000) Appeal court bars sterilisation of woman with learning disabilities. The Guardian, May 19
, , and (2001) Interplay between genetics and the environment in the development of celiac disease: Perspectives for a healthy life. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1261–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2003) Therapeutic approaches to protein misfolding diseases. Nature 426, 405–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) Medicine: Gene therapy – new challenges ahead. Science 302, 400–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stock, G., and Campbell, J., (2000) Engineering the human germline: An exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. Oxford University Press
, and (2001) Genomics and medicine: Dissecting human disease in the postgenomic era. Science 291, 1224–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Pharmacogenomics: Translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 286, 487–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Science, medicine, and the future: Pharmacogenetics. BMJ 320, 987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) Genetic testing and insurance: Opportunities and challenges for society. Trends Mol. Med. 7, 323–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridley, M. (1999) Genome: The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. Fourth Estate
Appleyard, B. (1999) Brave new worlds. HarperCollins
(2002) Congress criticises drugs industry for misleading advertising. BMJ 325, 1379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Companies, donor's pledge to close gap in AIDS treatment. Science 289, 368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000) Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Ann. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 1, 361–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, W. (2000) Human evolution and prehistory. Harcourt
Keynes, R. (2002) Annie's Box. Fourth Estate
, and (1985) Palaeolithic nutrition: A consideration of its nature and current implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 312, 283–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClaren, A. (1978) Birth control in nineteenth century England. Croom Helm
Hardy, A. (2001) Health and medicine in Britain since 1860. Palgrave
Riley, J. (2001) Rising life expectancy: a global history. Cambridge University Press
(1978) The Rockefeller Foundation and the development of scientific medicine in Great Britain. Minerva 16, 20–41CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomes, N. (1998) The gospel of germs: Men, women, and the microbe in American life. Harvard University Press
Miles, A. (1966) The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 1891–1966. Nature 212, 559CrossRef
Tuchman, B. (1962) The proud tower. MacMillan
Austoker, J. (1988) A history of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 1902–1986. Oxford University Press
Hare, R. (1970) The birth of penicillin. Allen and Unwin
Fosdick, R. (1952) The history of the Rockefeller Foundation. Harper
Corner, G. (1964) A history of the Rockefeller Institute. Rockefeller University Press
Edwards, R., and Steptoe, P. (1980) A matter of life. Hutchinson
(1971) Integration of medical research and health policies. Science 173, 1093CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (1965) Does the United States have a science policy? Nature 217, 225–31
Strauss, S. (2000) www:nccam.nih.gov/ne/testimony/houseoflords.html
(1992) Sir Austin Bradford Hill and the progress of medical science. BMJ 305, 1521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obituary. (2003) Louis Lasagna. BMJ 327, 565CrossRef
Smith, F. B. (1979) The peoples health 1830–1910. Holmes and Meier
Diamond, J. (1998) Guns, Germs, and Steel. Vintage
Shaw, G. B. (1911) Preface to The Doctors Dilemma. Penguin
Rosenberg, D., and Bloom, H. (1990) The Story of J. Faber and Faber
Youngson, A. J. (1979) The scientific revolution in Victorian medicine. Holmes and Meier
(1996) Doctor James Young Simpson, Rabbi Abraham de Sola and Genesis Chapter 3, Verse 16. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88, 895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Who said childbirth is natural? The medical mission of Grantly Dick Read. Anaesthesiology 84, 955–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Consumer demand for caesarean sections in Brazil. BMJ 324, 942–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. (1989) Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Castlemead
(1993) “Humanizing” milk: The formulation of artificial feeds for infants (1850–1910). Med. Hist. 37, 225–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. (1988) The retreat of tuberculosis, 1850–1950. Croom Helm
. (2003) Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: Follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 326, 958–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, W. (1976) Plagues and peoples. Basil Blackwell
CIA (2002) World Fact Book. www.cia.gov
Parliament. (1999) House of Commons research paper 99/111. House of Commons
McKeown, T. (1988) The origins of human disease. Basil Blackwell
Halsey, A. (1972) Trends in British society since 1900. Macmillan
Stevenson, J. (1984) British society 1914–45. Penguin
Djerassi, C. (1962) The Pill, pygmy chimps, and Degas' horse. Basic Books
(1980) Margaret Sanger: Birth control's successful revolutionary. Am. J. Public Health 70, 736–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, I. (2002) EU replaces cash denied to UN family planning by US. The Guardian, London, July 24
Harris, J. (1992) Clones, genes, and immortality
Editorial. (1968) Ethics and abortion. BMJ 2, 3CrossRef
(2000) Emergency contraception: Methods and efficacy. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 12, 175–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) The development of Mifepristone: A pharmaceutical drama in three acts. Am. Med. Women's Ass. 55 (suppl.) 117–120Google Scholar
, , , and (1981) Pregnancies in humans by fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer in the controlled ovulatory cycle. Science 212, 681–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1983) Current status of in-vitro fertilisation and implantation of human embryos. The Lancet 2, 1265–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) In vitro fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Bioessays 21, 791–8013.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosden, R. (1999) Designer babies. Phoenix
. (2000) Clinical experience and applications of oocyte cryopreservation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 169, 33–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (1985) Powell bites dust: The British government needs to think hard about surrogacy. Nature 314, 568CrossRef
. (2002) Neurological sequelae in children born after in-vitro fertilisation: A population-based study. Lancet 359, 461–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, L. (1998) Remaking Eden: Cloning, genetic engineering and the future of humankind? Phoenix
McCarty, M. (1985) The transforming principle. Norton
Judson, T. (1979) The eighth day of creation. Jonathan Cape
(1993) Looking backwards: A birthday card for the double helix. Gene 135, 15–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements in ageing human brain and in situ PCR of mtDNA. Neurology. Ageing 20, 565–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Mitochondrial mutations may drive Y chromosome evolution. Bioessays 24, 275–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Active site mutation in DNA polymerase gamma associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia causes error-prone DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 15225–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Disputed maternity leading to identification of tetragametic chimerismN. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1545–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monod, J. (1972) Chance and Necessity. Collins
(1997) The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8380–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 1, 22–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1, 40–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Alu repeats and human disease. Mol. Genet. Metab. 67, 183–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Frequency of recent retrotransposition events in the human factor IX gene. Hum. Mutat. 17, 511–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409, 860–921CrossRef
, and (2001) Transposable elements are found in a large number of human protein-coding genes. Trends Genet. 17, 619–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) Interspersed repeats and other mementoes of transposable elements in mammalian genomes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9, 657–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) Human L1 retrotransposition is associated with genetic instability in vivo. Cell 110, 327–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1983) Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the ‘pre-antibiotic’ era. Nature 302, 725–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Comparison of Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity islands in sixth and seventh pandemic strains. Infect. Immun. 69, 1947–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2001) Pathogen evolution: How good bacteria go bad, Curr Biol 11, R53–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1997) How Salmonella became a pathogen. Trends Microbiol. 5, 343–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) The heritability of human longevity: A population-based study of 2872 Danish twin pairs born 1870–1900. Hum. Genet. 97, 319–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins. Twin Res. 1, 196–205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer – analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 78–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weatherall, D. (1991) The new genetics and clinical practice. Oxford University Press
, , and (1980) Height, weight and menarcheal age of Oslo schoolchildren during the last 60 years. Ann. Hum. Biol. 7, 307–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floud, R., Wachter, K., and Gregory, A. (1990) Height, health and history. Cambridge University Press
, , , and (2000) Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science 289, 2366–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberts, B., et al., (2002) The molecular biology of the cell. Garland
Ridley, M. (2003) Nature via nurture. Fourth Estate
Porter, R. (1997) The greatest benefit to mankind. Oxford University Press
. (2003) Telomerase maintains telomere structure in normal human cells. Cell 114, 241–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Transcriptional repression, apoptosis, human disease and the functional evolution of the nuclear lamina. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 41–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) The machinery of mitochondrial inheritance and behaviour. Science 283, 1493–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. (1998) Evidence from human oocytes for a genetic bottleneck in an mtDNA disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 769–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) The endomembrane requirement for cell surface repair. PNAS 100, 4592–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1993) Motor neurons and neurofilaments in sickness and in health. Cell 73, 1–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) The molecular basis of lysosomal storage diseases and their treatment. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28, 150–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88, 347–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1992) Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356, 397–400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) To die or not to die: An overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 279, 300–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) A genetic disorder of lymphocyte apoptosis involving the fas pathway: The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 1, 534–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) The immune privilege of corneal allografts. Transplantation 67, 1503–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: A proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3, 655–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1999) Apoptosis in human disease: A new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 266, 699–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) p53 the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayflick, L. (1994) How and why we age. Ballantine Books
, and (2001) Mitochondria – the suicide organelles. Bioessays 23, 111–153.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) Of mice and men: Genetic disorders of the cytoskeleton (Keith R. Porter Lecture, 1996). Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 189–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dynes, M. (2003) Miracle birth of the elusive baby found growing on mother's liver. The Times, May 24
Nilsson, L. (1990) A child is born. Dell
Brent, L., and Owen, R. (1996) A history of transplantation immunology. Academic Press
Barker, D. (1998) Mothers, babies and health in later life. Churchill Livingston
Wolpert, L. (1991) The triumph of the embryo. Oxford University Press
, , , and (2000) Cytogenetics and mechanisms of spontaneous abortions: Increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in chromosomally abnormal villi. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 88, 230–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1996) The incidence, origin, and etiology of aneuploidy. Int. Rev. Cytol. 167, 263–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses radiation-induced teratogenesis. Nat. Med. 2, 577–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2000) Hypersensitivity to DNA damage leads to increased apoptosis during early mouse development. Genes Dev. 14, 2072–84Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1980) The effect of rehabilitation at different stages of development of rats marginally malnourished for ten to twelve generations. Br. J. Nutr. 43, 403–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Editorial: Nutrition, glucocorticoids, birth size, and adult disease. Endocrinology 142, 1689–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) The selfish brain and the Barker hypothesis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 942–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) In utero undernutrition impairs rat beta-cell development. Diabetologia 40, 1231–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 127, 4195–202Google ScholarPubMed
, and (1996) Folic acid and the prevention of birth defects. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 16, 73–97CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Meulen, J., et al. (1999) Fetal programming associated with the Dutch famine 1944–5. In Fetal Programming: Influences on Development and Disease in Later Life, ed. P. O'Brien, T. Wheeler, and D. J. P. Barker. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, pp. 45–56
Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., and Marolla, F. (1975) Famine and human development: The Dutch hunger winter of 1944–1945. Oxford University Press
Boyd-Orr, J. (1936) Food, health and income. Macmillan
. (1999) Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study. BMJ 318, 427–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trowell, H., and Burkitt, D. (1981) Western diseases, their emergence and prevention. Harvard University Press
(2003) Intrauterine factors, adiposity and hyperinsulinaemia. BMJ 327, 880–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, D. (1999) Health, civilisation and the state. Routledge
Le Fanu, J. (1999) The rise and fall of modern medicine. Little, Brown
, and (2000) Fetal, infant, and childhood growth are predictors of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension in adult men and women. Environ. Health. Perspect. 108 (suppl. 3) 545–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1991) Interactions between early nutrition and the immune system. Ciba. Found. Symp. 156, 77–89Google ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Season of birth predicts mortality in rural Gambia. Nature 388, 434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, T., and Brynner, R. (2001) Dark remedy: The impact of thalidomide and its revival as a vital medicine. Perseus
Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J. (1997) Our stolen future. Abacus
Ibarreta, D. and Swan, S. (2002) The DES story: Long term consequences of prenatal exposure. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, ed. Poul Harremoës et al. European Environment Agency, pp. 90–9
(2000) Endocrine disrupters: Panel cautiously confirms low-dose effects. Science 290, 695–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2003) Bisphenol exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr. Biol. 13, 546–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1996) Perinatal management of the lower margin of viability. Arch. Dis. Child 74, F214–F218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Premature babies have high death and disability rate. BMJ 321, 467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 weeks' gestation in the north of England between 1983 and 1994. BMJ 314, 107–11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Surfactant deficiency in hyaline membrane disease: The story of discovery. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161, 1074–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003) Essential fat requirements of preterm infants., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 245–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1987) Sensory deprivation stress and supplemental stimulation in the rat pup and preterm human neonate. Child Dev. 58, 1431–47CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1995) Preterm delivery and low birth weight – a dire legacy. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1772–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Long-term consequences of early linear growth retardation (stunting) in Swedish children. Pediatr. Res. 47, 475–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogin, B. (1999) Patterns of human growth. Cambridge University Press
(2001) How the immune system works to protect the host from infection: A personal view. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7461–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415, 389–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1975) An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3666–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 55, 77–104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296, 490–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Role of microbial burden in aetiology of allergy and asthma. Lancet 354 (suppl. 2). SII12–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) New concepts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rev. Med. 54, 197–216CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287, 303–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Pellagra in the United States: A historical perspective. South. Med. J. 93, 272–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1981) Personal reflections on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in Oslo during the Second World War. Acta. Med. Scand. 210, 245–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 171S–5SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Protection against breast cancer with genistein: A component of soy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1705S–7S; discussion 1708S–9SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10367–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Human health effects of dioxins: Cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects. Hum. Reprod. Update 7, 331–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1987) Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236, 271–280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M. (2001) Immunobiology. Garland Publishing
, , and (2000) A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries. Nature 405, 789–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1995) Understanding ageing. Cambridge University Press
Davey, B., Halliday, T., and Hirst, M. (2001) Human biology and health: An evolutionary approach. Open University
(1956) Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956 11, 298–300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 78, 547–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Extension of life-span with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics. Science 289, 1567–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations: A causal role in sarcopenia. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 2010–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) The mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging: Accumulation of damaged mitochondria as a result of imperfect autophagocytosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1996–2002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Age-related macular degeneration: The lipofusion component N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine detaches proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria and induces apoptosis in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39625–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2002) Apoptosis in skeletal muscle with aging. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R519–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1990) Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 1–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 deficiency on ageing and longevity. Novartis Found. Symp. 242, 125–37; discussion 137–42Google ScholarPubMed
(2001) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and longevity: New clues for an old friend. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8167–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1997) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: A biomarker of primate aging slowed by calorie restriction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 2093–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Neutrophil ageing and immunesenescence. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122, 1521–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408, 239–47CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Signals from the reproductive system regulate the lifespan of C. elegans. Nature 399, 362–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10469–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5093–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) Relationship between donor age and the replicative lifespan of human cells in culture: A reevaluation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10614–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998) How might replicative senescence contribute to human ageing? Bioessays 20, 985–913.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1997) Demonstration of cellular aging and senescence in serially passaged long-term cultures of human trabecular osteoblasts. Osteoporosis Int. 7, 514–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Telomeres and replicative senescence: Is it only length that counts? Cancer Lett. 168, 111–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001) Ageing and cancer: The telomere and telomerase connection. Novartis Found. Symp. 235, 116–25; discussion 125–9, 146–9Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (1998) Telomeres, the nucleolus and aging. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10, 332–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarcz, J. (2001) The genie in the bottle. Freeman
(1983) “O that I were young again”: Yeats and the Steinach operation. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 287, 1964–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcor Life Extension Foundation. (2000). www.alcor.org
Hall, S. (2003) In vivo vitalis? Compounds activate life-extending genes. Science 301, 1165CrossRef
Kirkwood, T. The time of our lives. Weidenfeld and Nicholson
Rettig, R. (1977) Cancer crusade. Princeton University Press
(1989) Current carcinogen perspectives: De minimis, Delaney and decisions. Sci. Total Environ. 86, 5–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1976) DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260, 170–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972) Cancer virus theories: Focus of research debate. Science 177, 44–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature 411, 390–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukaemias. Science 278, 1059–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000) A critical role for telomeres in suppressing and facilitating carcinogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 39–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Public health. Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water. Science 296, 2143–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1979) Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer. Science 204, 587–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1994) Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: Possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 305, 253–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iversen, L. (2001) Drugs: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press
Weinberg, R. (1997) Racing to the start of the road: The search for the origin of cancer. Bantam
. (1992) Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: Indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 339, 1268–78CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Tobacco company claims that smokers help the economy. BMJ 323, 126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1969) Rigoni-Stern and medical statistics: A nineteenth-century approach to cancer research. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 24, 65–75CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat. Res. 146, 1–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obituary. (2002) Dr. Alice Stewart. New York Times
Gee, D., and M. Greenberg. (2002) Asbestos: From ‘magic’ to malevolent mineral. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, ed. Poul Harremoës et al. European Environment Agency, pp. 49–63
(2002) Virology: Monkey virus link to cancer grows stronger. Science 296, 1012–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) Cancer prevention and diet: Help from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12216–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Salicylic acid in the serum of subjects not taking aspirin: Comparison of salicylic acid concentrations in the serum of vegetarians, non-vegetarians, and patients taking low dose aspirin. J. Clin. Pathol. 54, 553–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doll, R., and Armstrong, B. (1980) Cancer. In Western Diseases, Their Emergence and Prevention, ed. H. Trowell and D. Burkitt. Harvard University Press, pp. 93–112
Leaf, C. (2004) Why we're losing the war on cancer and how to win. Fortune, March 22, 42–9
, and (2002) Molecular insights into the history of plague. Microbes Infect. 4, 105–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halleyday, S. (1999) The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian metropolis. Sutton Publishing
(2000) The origins and precolonial epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Americas: Can we figure them out? Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 4, 395–400Google ScholarPubMed
(2000) Immunization and the American way: Four childhood vaccines. Am. J. Public Health. 90, 199–207Google Scholar
, and (1998) Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4, 539–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) “A calculated risk”: The Salk polio vaccine field trials of 1954. BMJ 317, 1233–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Virology: Poliomyelitis eradication–a dangerous endgame. Science 296, 269–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Animal origins of human infectious disease (Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 356, 957–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) Public health: Creeping consensus on SV40 and polio vaccine. Science 298, 725–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 81, 165–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1477–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1987) Puerperal fever, the streptococcus, and the sulphonamides, 1911–1945. BMJ 295, 485–490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) WHO advises kicking the livestock antibiotic habit. Science 301, 1027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and – resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9865–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Drug companies snub antibiotics as pipeline threatens to run dry. Nature 425, 225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature 406, 64–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 10567–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, D. (1999) Blood. Warner
, and (2003) Virus detectives seek source of SARS in China's wild animals. Nature 423, 467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Emerging diseases: On the trail of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Science 290, 923–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) The threat of smallpox and bioterrorism. Trends Microbiol. 9, 15–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosby, A. (1989) America's forgotten pandemic. Cambridge University Press
, , and (2000) The 1918 influenza virus: A killer comes into view. Virology 274, 241–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997) In pursuit of influenza: Fort Monmouth to Valhalla (and back). Bioessays 19, 641–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001) Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic HIV in Africa. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 356, 911–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, E., (2000) The river: A journey back to the source of HIV and AIDS. Penguin
. (1999) Infectivity of scrapie prions bound to a stainless steel surface. Mol. Med. 5, 240–3Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003) Factors determining the pattern of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic in the UK. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 270, 689–98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003) Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics. Science 300, 640–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15, 564–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielman, A., and D'Antonio, M. (2001) Mosquito: The story of mans deadliest foe. Faber and Faber
, (2004) Cities spawn epidemic dengue viruses. Nature, Medicine 10, 129–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1997) A land filled with mosquitoes: Fred L. Soper, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the anopheles gambiae invasion of Brazil. Med. Anthropol. 17, 215–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajtchuk, R. (1997) Textbook of military medicine: Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. http://www.vnh.org/MedAspChemBioWar/ chapters
Sneador, W. (1985) Drug discovery: The evolution of modern medicines. Wiley
, and (2002) Functional versus chemical diversity: Is biodiversity important for drug discovery? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23, 225–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) A novel antimicrobial agent joins the battle against resistant bacteria. Ann. Intern. Med. 130, 155–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2002) Protein kinases as targets for anticancer agents: From inhibitors to useful drugs. Pharmacol. Ther. 93, 79–98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeffer, N. (1993) The stork and the syringe: A political history of reproductive medicine. Polity Press
Healy, D. (2003) The creation of psychopharmacology. Harvard University Press
(2000) Uneasy alliance – clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1539–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) University accused of violating academic freedom to safeguard funding from drug companies. BMJ 323, 591CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Are stimulants overprescribed for youths with ADHD?Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 12, 55–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Editorial. (2003) How a statin might destroy a drug company. The Lancet 361, 793CrossRef
, and (2002) The pharmaceutical industry as a medicines provider. The Lancet 16, 1590–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Biotech thinking comes to academic medical centres. Science 299, 1303–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, S., (1988) Invisible frontiers. Atlantic
, , and (2001) Recombinant DNA technology in the treatment of diabetes: Insulin analogs. Endocr. Rev. 22, 706–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornberg, A. (1995) The golden helix: Inside biotech ventures. University Science Books
, and (1999) Genentech pays $200m over growth hormone ‘theft’. Nature 402, 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002) Public biotechnology 2001 – the numbers. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 551–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, (1998) Commercialisation of proteins produced in the mammary gland. Theriogeniology 49, 139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998) Biotech pharmaceuticals and biotherapy: An overview. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1, 48–59Google ScholarPubMed
. (1996) Group A streptococcal bacteremia: The role of tumor necrosis factor in shock and organ failure. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 619–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1995) The production of recombinant human erythropoietin. Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 1, 297–313CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1998) Biological properties of recombinant alpha-interferons: 40th anniversary of the discovery of interferons. Cancer Res. 58, 2489–99Google ScholarPubMed
(1994) Cytokine therapeutics: Lessons from interferon alpha. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 91, 1198–1205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, J. B. (1986) Gonadotrophins. In Infertility: Male and Female, ed. V. Insier and B. Lunenfield. Churchill Livingston, pp. 000–000
, and (1998) Science, medicine, and the future: Assessing thrombotic risk. BMJ 317, 520–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor secreted from tissue-engineered bioartificial muscles promotes localized angiogenesis. Circulation 104, 594–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2000) Angiogenesis: Potentials for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammation. Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 237–68Google ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) Delivering on the promise of bone morphogenetic proteins. Trends Biotechnol. 19, 255–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 638–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomalin, C. (2002) Samuel Pepys: The unequalled self. Penguin Viking
Obituary. (2000) Rene Favaloro. The Times (London), July 31
, , and (2003) Cartilage repair with chondrocytes: Clinical and cellular aspects. Novartis Found. Symp. 249, 175–86Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1999) De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 149–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Tissue engineering – current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science 295, 1009–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dynes, M. (2003) Heart transplant secret of the hospital gardiner. The Times (London), April 26
(1999) English teenager given heart transplant against her will. BMJ 319, 209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayes, T. (2003) Ailing tycoon buys Pakistan girl's kidney. The Sunday Times (London), March 23
Mufson, S. (2001) Chinese doctor tells of organ removals after executions. Washington Post, June 27, p. A1
. (2001) Transplantation of islets of Langerhans: New developments. Swiss Med. Wkly. 131, 671–80Google Scholar
. (2001) Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Science 292, 1389–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Good, R. (1971) Immunodeficiency in developmental perspective. The Harvey Lectures, series 67, 1–107
(1986) The application of bone marrow transplantation to the treatment of genetic diseases. Science 232, 1373–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (1989) Hematopoietic reconstitution in a patient with Fanconi's anemia by means of umbilical-cord blood from an HLA-identical sibling. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 1174–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Fetal neuron grafts pave the way for stem cell therapies. Science 287, 1421–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells. Science 277, 2000–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282, 1145–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
. (2001) Familial tetralogy of fallot caused by mutation in the jagged gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 163–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1969) Hemophilia in the Talmud and rabbinic writings. Ann. Intern. Med. 70, 833–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1983) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 298–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1978) Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30, 256–61Google ScholarPubMed
. (2000) Active intestinal chloride secretion in human carriers of cystic fibrosis mutations: An evaluation of the hypothesis that heterozygotes have subnormal active intestinal chloride secretion. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 1422–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Incest, cousin marriage, and the origin of the human sciences in the nineteenth century. Past and Present Society 174, 155–83Google Scholar
, and (1993) Screening and prenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 6, 263–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Genetic counselling and customary consanguineous marriage. Nature, Genetics 3, 225–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Screening and prevention in Tay-Sachs disease: Origins, update, and impact. Adv. Genet. 44, 253–65Google ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) The Dor Yeshorim story: Community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs disease. Adv. Genet. 44, 297–310Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1990) Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification. Nature 344, 768–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rifkin, J., (1998) The biotech century. Victor Gollanz
Editorial. (1994) China's misconception of eugenics. Nature 367, 3
(2001) Adam Nash: Legally speaking, a happy ending or slippery slope? Reprod. Biomed. Online 2, 6–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shakespeare, T. (2003) How perfect do we want our babies to be?, The Sunday Times (London), November 23
Dyer, C. (2000) Appeal court bars sterilisation of woman with learning disabilities. The Guardian, May 19
, , and (2001) Interplay between genetics and the environment in the development of celiac disease: Perspectives for a healthy life. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1261–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2003) Therapeutic approaches to protein misfolding diseases. Nature 426, 405–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2003) Medicine: Gene therapy – new challenges ahead. Science 302, 400–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stock, G., and Campbell, J., (2000) Engineering the human germline: An exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. Oxford University Press
, and (2001) Genomics and medicine: Dissecting human disease in the postgenomic era. Science 291, 1224–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999) Pharmacogenomics: Translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 286, 487–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) Science, medicine, and the future: Pharmacogenetics. BMJ 320, 987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2001) Genetic testing and insurance: Opportunities and challenges for society. Trends Mol. Med. 7, 323–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridley, M. (1999) Genome: The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. Fourth Estate
Appleyard, B. (1999) Brave new worlds. HarperCollins
(2002) Congress criticises drugs industry for misleading advertising. BMJ 325, 1379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Companies, donor's pledge to close gap in AIDS treatment. Science 289, 368CrossRefGoogle Scholar