References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2014
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Biological Materials ScienceBiological Materials, Bioinspired Materials, and Biomaterials, pp. 584 - 619Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
and (1981) Elastin as a random-network elastomer: a mechanical and optical analysis of single elastin fibers. Biopolymers 20: 1247–1260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2013) Micro-structure and mechanical properties of the turtle carapace as a biological composite shield. Acta. Biomater. 9: 5890–5902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1985) Interaction between acidic proteins and crystals: stereochemical requirements in biomineralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4110–4114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1987) A chemical model for the cooperation of sulfates and carboxylates in calcite crystal nucleation: relevance to biomineralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 2732–2736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003) Taking advantage of disorder: amorphous calcium carbonate and its roles in biomineralization. Adv Mater. 15: 959–970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Mollusk shell formation: a source of new concepts for understanding biomineralization processes. Chem. Eur. J. 12: 980–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Dynamic fracture of bovine bone. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1325–1332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2010) New nanofabrication strategies: inspired by biomineralization. MRS Bull. 35: 323–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004) Designing efficient microlens arrays: lessons from nature. J. Mater. Chem. 14: 2066–2072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2005) Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Science 309: 275–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Nanostructure of collagen fibrils in human nucleus pulposus and its correlation with macroscale tissue mechanics. J. Orthop. Res. 28: 497–502.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1969) The dermal chromatophores of Anolis carolinensis (Reptilia, Iguanidae). Am. J. Anat. 126: 41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1969) Formation of α- and β-type keratin in lizard epidermis during the molting cycle. Cell. Tissue Res. 101: 72–87.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1999) Methods for fabricating and characterizing a new generation of biomimetic materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 7: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) Fracture of Composites. Treatise of Materials Science and Technology. New York: Academic Press, p. 1.Google Scholar
and (2003) Biomimetic processes through the study of mineralized shells. Mater. Charact. 50: 189–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004) The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution, and metabolism. Science 306: 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1993) A three-dimensional model for the large stretch behavior of rubber elastic materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41: 389–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006) Biological and artificial attachment devices: lessons for materials scientists from flies and geckos. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1245–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) From micro to nano contacts in biological attachment devices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 10603–10606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ASTM E399–09e2 Standard test method for linear elastic plane strain fracture toughness KIc of metallic materials.
, , et al. (2000) Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair. Nature 405: 681–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2002) Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 12252–12256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1971) Single and multiple fracture. In Proc. Conf. Properties of Fiber Composites. Guildford: IPC Science and Technology Press, pp. 15–26.Google Scholar
, , and (1992) Biological and synthetic hierarchical composites. Phys. Today 45: 60–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996) The three-dimensional composite structure of cow hoof wall. Biomimetics 4: 1–22.Google Scholar
, , , and (2000) Structure and properties of bovine hoof horn. Appl. Composite Lett. 9: 107–115.Google Scholar
and (1998) Molecular-level control over surface order in self-assembled monolayer films of thiols on gold. Science 240: 62–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2005) Biological structures mitigate catastrophic fracture through various strategies. Int. J. Fracture 135: 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003) Cell and molecular mechanics of biological materials. Nature Mater. 2: 715–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2007) Functional morphology and design constraints of smooth adhesive pads. MRS Bull. 32: 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005) Mechanical properties of the toe pads of the tree frog, Litoria caerulea. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 141: S145.Google Scholar
, , and (2006) Whole animal measurements of shear and adhesive forces in adult tree frogs: insights into underlying mechanisms of adhesion obtained from studying the effects of size and shape. J. Comp. Physiol. A 192: 1179–1191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Mechanical properties of nacre constituents and their impact on mechanical performance. J. Mater. Res. 21: 1977–1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) Scanning electron microscopy of the epidermal surface in plants. In , ed. Application of the Scanning EM in Taxonomy and Functional Morphology, Systematics Association Special Volume. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 69–94.Google Scholar
and (1977) Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie der Epidermis-Oberflächen von Spermatophyten. Tropische und subtropische Pflanzenwelt (Akad. Wiss. Lit. Mainz) 19: 110.Google Scholar
and (1997) The purity of sacred lotus or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 202: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2003) Hydrodynamic stability of swimming in ostraciid fishes: role of the carapace in the smooth trunkfish Lactophrys triqueter (Teleostei: Ostraciidae). J. Exp. Biol. 206: 725–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2005) Body-induced vortical flows: a common mechanism for self-corrective trimming control in boxfishes. J. Exp. Biol. 208: 327–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2010) On the mechanical properties of hierarchically structured biological materials. Biomater. 31: 6378–6385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1980) Crack velocity dependence of longitudinal fracture in bone. J. Mater. Sci. 15: 1841–1849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Spatial and temporal resolution of interfaces: phase transitions and isolation of three families of proteins in calcium carbonate-based biocomposite materials. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara.
, , , , , and (1996) Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusk-shell proteins. Nature 381: 56–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1997) First steps in harnessing the potential of biomineralization as a route to new high-performance composite materials. Acta Mater. 46: 733–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996) Mechanical design of mussel byssus: material yield enhances attachment strength. J. Exp. Biol. 199: 1005–1017.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2010) The beginning of Iron Age copper production in the southern Levant: new evidence from Khirbat al-Jariya, Faynan, Jordan. Antiquity 84: 724–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , eds. (1986) Biology of the Integument, Vol. 2: Vertebrates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
and (2003) The barnacle adhesive plaque: morphological and chemical differences as a response to substrate properties. Colloids Surf. 28: 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Knives as sharp as rat’s teeth. Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology, Research News 1, Topic 3, .
and (1986) Fracture toughness design in horse hoof keratin. J. Exp. Biol. 125: 29–47.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1987) Functional design of horse hoof keratin: the modulation of mechanical properties through hydration effects. J. Exp. Biol. 130: 121–136.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2008) Bioceramics: past, present and for the future. J. Euro. Ceramic Soc. 28: 1319–1327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1969) An electron microscope study of formation of nacreous layer in shell of certain bivalve molluscs. Calcif. Tiss. Res. 3: 84–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1992) Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. J. Orthop. Res. 10: 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1967) Recent advances in artificial pacemakers. Calif. Med. 107: 164–170.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2002) Microtensile measurements of single trabeculae stiffness in human femur. J. Biomech. 35: 1515–1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1983) On the architecture and function of cuttlefish bone. J. Mater. Sci. 18: 2081–2086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog. Polymer Sci. 24: 221–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2011) Correlation of the mechanical and structural properties of cortical rachis keratin of rectrices of the Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco). J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 723–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001) The mechanical performance of medullary foam from feathers. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 20: 941–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995) The Young’s modulus of feather keratin. J. Exp. Biol. 198: 1029–1033.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1993) Indentation hardness of the bill keratin of the European starling. The Condor 95: 736–738.Google Scholar
(1970) Aspects ultrastructuraux de la calcification chez les Crabes. 7th Int. Cong. Electron Microscopy, Grenoble, France, 31 Aug. 1970, pp. 105–106.Google Scholar
(1972) Twisted fibrous arrangements in biological materials and cholesteric mesophases. Tiss. Cell 4: 189–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1997) Self-assembly of mesoscale objects into ordered two-dimensional arrays. Science 276: 233–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972a) Rehabilitation with intra-osseous anchorage of dental prosthesis. Tandlakartidningen 844: 662–663.Google ScholarPubMed
(1972b) Rehabilitation with a denture anchored to the jawbone. Lakartidningen 69: 4813–4814.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1964) Formation of bone marrow in isolated segment of rib periosteum in rabbit and dog. Blut 10: 236–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1972) Method for studying qualitative and quantitative changes of blood flow in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand. 84: 284–288.Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (1968) Prism conchiolin of modern or fossil molluscan shells: an example of protein paleization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 24: 567–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) Structural colours from feathers of the bird Bostrychia hagedash. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37: 813–818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1955) Number of feathers and weights of various systems in a bald eagle. Wilson Bull. 67: 142.Google Scholar
(1997) Metal-recognition by repeating polypeptides. Natl. Biotechnol. 15: 269–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2005) Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc Trochus niloticus. J. Mater. Res. 20: 2400–2419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2008) Materials design principles of ancient fish armor. Nat. Mater. 7: 748–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986) Tissue specific protein heterogeneity in keratin structures. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 14: 547–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Molecular organization of avian epidermal structures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 73: 313–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1983) Micromech. 16: 3–12.
(2008) Hierarchical nanomechanics of collagen fibrils: atomistic and molecular modeling. In , ed. Collagen: Structure and Mechanics. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
and (2007) Entropic elasticity controls nanomechanics of single tropocollagen molecules. Biophys. J. 93: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972) Sandwich structures in the skull capsules of various birds: the principles of light-weight structures in organisms. Inf. Inst. Lightweight Struct. (Stuttgart) 4: 39–50.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1984) Effects of structure and strain measurement technique on the material properties of young human tendons and fascia. J. Biomach. 17: 579–596.Google Scholar
, , and (2006) An analysis of optimal structural feathers in the peacock tail feather. Opt. Laser Technol. 38: 329–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1981) Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann. Surg. 194: 413–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1988) Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J. Biomech. 21: 939–945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) Are melanized feather barbs stronger?J. Exp. Biol. 207: 285–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1991) Biomaterials: Novel Materials from Biological Sources. New York: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Young’s modulus varies with differential orientation of keratin in feathers. J. Struct. Biol. 143: 118–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002) Is the α-β transition of keratin a transition of α-helices to β-pleated sheets? II Synchroton investigation for stretched single specimens. J. Molec. Struct. 607: 69–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1903) The color changes in the skin of the so-called Florida Chameleon. Anolis carolinensis Cuv. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 39: 259–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1972) Suggested modification of the P-α model for porous materials. J. Appl. Phys. 43: 759–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) The dynamics of nacre self-assembly. J. R. Soc. Interface 4: 491–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1999) Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 361–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2000) Biomimetic synthesis of ordered silica structures mediated by block copolypeptides. Nature 403: 289–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1985) Biomechanical properties of spinal ligaments and a histological study of the supraspinal ligament in traction. J. Biomech. 18: 167–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2009) The key role of the surface membrane in why gastropod nacre grows in towers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 106: 38–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004) Laminated microstructure of Bivalva shell and research of biomimetic ceramic/polymer composite. Ceram. Intl. 30: 2011–2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2011) Armadillo armor: mechanical testing and microstructural evaluation. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 713–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2014) Alligator osteoderms: mechanical behavior and hierarchical structure, MSEC 35: 441–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2008a) Structure and mechanical properties of crab exoskeleton. Acta Biomater. 4: 587–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2008b) Structure and mechanical properties of selected biological materials. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 1: 208–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2008c) Structural biological materials: overview of current research. JOM 60: 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2009) Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Acta Biomater. 5: 693–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2012) Biological materials: functional adaptations and bioinspired designs. Prog. Mater. Sci. 57: 1492–1704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Polymorphism of the architectonics of definitive contour feathers. Doklady Akademii Nauk 404: 280–285.Google Scholar
and (2007) Fracture toughness of bovine claw horn cattle with and without vertical fissures. Veterinary J. 173: 541–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and , eds. (1980) Rapid Solidification Processing: Principles and Technologies. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor’s Publishing Division, p. 1.
and (1998) In vivo strains in pigeon flight feather shafts: implications for structural design. J. Exp. Biol. 201: 3057–3065.Google ScholarPubMed
and (2002) ‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 14: 110–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2000) The ‘ins’ and ‘outs’ of intermediate filament organization. Trends Cell. Biol. 10: 420–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1980) Design and materials of feather shafts: very light, rigid structures. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34: 485–486.Google ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2008) Insect mandibles – comparative mechanical properties and links with metal incorporation. Naturwissenschaft. 95: 17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2010) Hardness in arthropod exoskeletons in the absence of transition metals. Acta Biomater. 6: 3152–3156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2011) Biomimicry of optical microstructures of Papilo palinurus. EPL 93: 14001(1–4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000) Incidence and mechanical significance of pneumatization in the long bones of birds. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 130: 499–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1944) Mechanical and thermal properties of dragline silk from the spider Nephila clavipes. Polymer Adv. Technol. 5: 401–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) Further studies on mechanical properties of mollusk shell material. J. Zool. 180: 445–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1977) Mechanical properties of mother-of-pearl in tension. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 196: 443–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1979) Mechanical properties of bone tissues with greatly differing functions. J. Biomech. 12: 313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1980) Mechanical properties of mollusc shell. In and , eds. The Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–87.Google Scholar
(1984a) Effects of differences in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 304: 509–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984b) The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989) Strain rate dependence of the mechanical properties of reindeer antler and the cumulative damage model of bone fracture. J. Biomech. 22: 469–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1999) The design of mineralized hard tissues for their mechanical functions. J. Exp. Biol. 202: 3285–3294.Google Scholar
(2010) Mechanical properties and adaptations of some less familiar bony tissues. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 3: 357–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1985) The thickness of the walls of tubular bones. J. Zool. A 206: 453–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1992) Fractal analysis of compact bone and antler fracture surfaces. Biomimetics 1: 103–118.Google Scholar
and (1976) Fracture in crossed-lamellar structure of conus shells. J. Mater. Sci. 11: 1615–1623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1974) The mechanical behaviour of some molluscan hard tissues. J. Zool. Lond. 173: 395–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1982) Calcified cuticle in the stomatopod smashing limb. J. Mater. Sci. 17: 1939–1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1996) The effects of aging and changes in mineral content in degrading the toughness of human femora. J. Biomech. 29: 257–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Mechanical properties of nacre and highly mineralized bone. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268: 107–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2010) Macro-/micro-structures of elytra, mechanical properties of the biomaterial and the coupling strength between elytra in beetles. J. Bionic Eng. 7: 6–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Mechanics of the human red blood cell deformed by optical tweezers. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51: 2259–2280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006) Molecularly based analysis of deformation of spectrin network and human erythrocyte. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1232–1244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) The bioerosion of bird bones. Intl. J. Osteoarch. 7: 388–401.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Optimization of cylindrical shells with compliant cores. Intl. J. Solids Struct. 44: 1145–1160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998) Surface structure and morphology of calcium carbonate polymorphs calcite, aragonite, and vaterite: an atomistic approach. J. Phys. Chem. B 102: 2914–2922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite. Am. Mineral. 56: 758–767.Google Scholar
, , , and (2007) Patterned surfaces with pillars with 3D tip geometry mimicking bioattachment devices. Adv. Mater. 19: 1973–1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) The physical properties of spider’s silk and their role in the design of orb-webs. J. Exp. Biol. 65: 483–506.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006a) Freezing as a path to build complex composites. Science 311: 515–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006b) Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomater. 27: 5480–5489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1986) How great white sharks, saber-toothed cats and soldiers kill. Nature 322: 773–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2008) Mechanical properties of an arthropod exoskeleton – nanoindentation of the beetle Scarites subterraneus. HysitronTM Nanoindetation Application Note.
and (1997) Locomotion in the abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana: pedal morphology and cost of transport. J. Exp. Biol. 200: 1145–1153.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1981) Threads in the hagfish slime gland thread cells: organization, biochemical features, and length. Science 212: 326–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1984) The hagfish slime gland thread cell. I. A unique cellular system for the study of intermediate filaments and intermediate filament-microtubule interactions. J. Cell. Biol. 98: 653–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1974) Dynamic mechanical loss in keratin at low temperatures. Colloid Polymer Sci. 252: 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2010) Bone density and the lightweight skeletons of birds. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 277: 2193–2198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1982) On the mechanics of balsa and other woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 383: 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Collagen, a huge matrix in glass sponge flexible spicules of the meter-long Hyalonema sieboldi. In , , and , eds. Handbook of Biomineralization. Weinheim: Wiley–VCH, chap. 3.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2007a) First evidence of chitin as a component of the skeletal fibers of marine sponges. Part I. Verongidae (demospongia: Porifera). J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 308: 347–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2007b) First evidence of the presence of chitin in skeletons of marine sponges. Part II. Glass sponges (Hexactinellida: Porifera). J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 308: 473–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2011) Factors affecting the success of dental implants. In , ed. Implant Dentistry – A Rapidly Evolving Practice. Rijeka: InTech.Google Scholar
, , , and (2008) Biomedical applications of titanium and its alloys. JOM 60: 46–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2013) Ultrafine grained titanium for biomedical applications: an overview of performance. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2: 340–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Structural Biological Materials: Design and Structure-Property Relationships. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
, , , and (2005) J. Metals 57: 60–66.
, , et al. (2005) Synthesis and properties of crosslinked recombinant pro-resilin. Nature 437: 999–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972) On the structure and growth of the nacreous tablets in gastropods. Biomineral. 7: 14–27.Google Scholar
(1973a) The digital pads of the tree frog Hyla cinerea. I. The epidermis. Tissue Cell 5: 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1973b) The digital pads of the tree frog Hyla cinerea. II. The mucous glands. Tissue Cell 5: 97–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1989) Age-related mechanical properties of human skin: an in vivo study. J. Invest. Dermatol. 93: 353–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1976) Fracture toughness determination by indentation. J. Am. Ceramic Soc. 59: 371–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2001a) Model for the robust mechanical behavior of nacre. J. Mater. Res. 16: 2475–2493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001b) The topological design of multifunctional cellular metals. Prog. Mater. Sci. 46: 309–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1996) Control of aragonite or calcite polymorphism by mollusk shell macromolecules. Science 271: 67–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2005) Sacrificial bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized fibrils separate during bone fracture. Nature Mater. 4: 612–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. Mechanical behavior of prosthesis in toucan beak (Ramphastos toco). Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30: 460–464.
(1981) Thread cells from the slime glands of hagfish (Myxinidae). Acta Zool. 62: 137–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Mechanical Properties and Structure of α-Keratin Fibres: Wool, Human Hair and Related Fibres. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.Google Scholar
and (1962) An electron microscope study of the fine structure of feather keratin. J. Cell. Biol. 13: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1994) Materials science and engineering, an educational discipline. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 24: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Densification of powders by particle deformation. Powder Metall. 26: 82–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1999) The study of protein mechanics with the atomic force microscope. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1995) Prediction of kink width in compressed fiber composites. J. Appl. Mech. 62: 329–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1956) Theory of elastic mechanisms in fibrous proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78: 5222–5235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2003) Viruses as vehicles for growth, organization, and assembly of materials. Acta Mater. 51: 5867–5880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Biomechanical properties of bovine claw horn. Biosys. Eng. 93: 459–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2011) Dynamic nanoindentation of articular porcine cartilage. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 789–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971) Elastin. In and , eds. Comparative Biochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 659–712.Google Scholar
and (1980) Molecular structure and mechanical properties of keratin. In and , eds. The Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials, Symposium of the Society of Experimental Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–246.Google Scholar
and (1996) The molecular structure of reptilian keratin. Int. J. Biol. Macro. 19: 207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1972) Keratins: Their Composition, Structure, and Biosynthesis. Springfield: Thomas.Google Scholar
, , , and (1986) Intermediate filaments in alpha keratins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 1179–1183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1992) Mineral crystals in calcified tissues: a comparative study by SAXS. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7: 329–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1998) Fibrillar structure and mechanical properties of collagen. J. Struct. Biol. 122: 119–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004) Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen-mineral nano-composite in bone. Mater. Chem. 14: 2115–2123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) The mechanics of cutting and the form of shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii). Zoomorphol. 108: 93–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1976) The proteins of the keratin component of bird’s beaks. Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 29: 467–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1998) The formation of highly organized biogenic polymer/ceramic composite materials: the high-performance microaluminate of molluscan nacre. Curr. Opin. Colloid Int. Sci. 3: 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1994) Flat pearls from biofabrication of organized composites on inorganic substrates. Nature 371: 49–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2005) CaCO3 biomineralization: acidic 8-kDa proteins isolated from aragonitic abalone shell nacre can specifically modify calcite crystal morphology. Biomacromol. 6: 1289–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) Molecular design of the alpha-keratin composite: insights from a matrix-free model, hagfish slime threads. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 271: 291–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2003) The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: insights from hagfish slime threads. Biophys. J. 85: 2015–2027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005) Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. J. Exp. Biol. 208: 4613–4625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1967) Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 1532–1544.Google ScholarPubMed
(1990) Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993) Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, 2nd edn. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006) Application of fracture mechanics concepts to hierarchical biomechanics of bone and bone-like materials. Int. J. Fracture 138: 101–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998) Numerical simulation of crack growth in an isotropic solid with randomized internal cohesive bonds. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46: 187–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2003) Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: lessons from nature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 5597–5600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2006) Deployable wood wasp drill for planetary subsurface sampling. IEEEAC Paper #1591, Version 1, IEEE, pp. 1–8.
(2005) Get a grip: integrins in cell-biomaterial interactions. Biomater. 26: 7525–7529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2002) The variability and interdependence of spider drag line tensile properties. Polymer 43: 4495–4502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1975) Light microscopic waveforms in collagenous tissues and their structural implications. In , ed. Structure of Fibrous Biopolymers. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2010) Computer-aided molecular modeling and experimental validation of water permeability properties in biosynthetic materials. J. Comput. Theor. Nanos. 7: 1287–1293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2011) Hierarchical structure and nanomechanics of collagen microfibrils from the atomistic scale up. Nano. Lett. 11: 757–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2003) Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko foot-hair. Nat. Mater. 2: 461–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1991) Light and colour on the wing: structural colours in butterflies and moths. Appl. Opt. 30: 3492–3500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997) Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2010) Cellular Materials in Nature and Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1984) Fine structure of the chitin-protein system in the crab cuticle. Tissue Cell 16: 75–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1990) Chitin crystals in arthropod cuticles revealed by diffraction contrast transmission electron microscopy. J. Structur. Biol. 103: 232–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) Plywood structures in nature. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 3: 221–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995) Crystal growth in a chitin matrix: the study of calcite development in the crab cuticle. In , ed. Chitin World. Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW, pp. 136–144.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2004) Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 3082–3090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1980) Composites with high work of fracture. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 297: 545–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1986) The structure and properties of spider silk. Endeavour 10: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1999) The mechanical design of spider silks. J. Exp. Biol. 202: 3295–3303.Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (1973) Molecular model for elastin structure and function. Nature 246: 461–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1979) Tree frog toe pads: comparative surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Can. J. Zool. 57: 2033–2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1986) Digital microstructure in ecologically diverse sympatric microhylid frogs, genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne (Amphibia: Anura) Papua New Guinea. Austral. J. Zool. 34: 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1957) Topography of the organic components in mother-of pearl. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3: 797–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1961) Structure of the conchiolin cases of the prisms in Mytilus edulis linne. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9: 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2007) Adhesion of bioinspired micropatterned surfaces: effects of pillar radius, aspect ratio, and preload. Langmuir 23: 3495–3502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1998) Biomorphic cellular silicon carbide ceramics from wood: I. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 18: 1961–1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2012) A review of combined experimental and computational procedures for assessing biopolymer structure-process-property relationships. Biomater. 33: 8240–8255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2009) Adhesion of DOPA-functionalized model membranes to hard and soft surfaces. J. Adhesion 9: 631–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1976) Fog basking by the Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis. Nature 262: 284–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2003) Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature 421: 841–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1991) Adhesion and detachment of the toe pads of treefrogs. J. Exp. Biol. 155: 103–125.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2000) Probing biopolymers with the atomic force microscope: a review. J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Ed. 11: 675–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2005) Sacrificial bonds in the interfibrillar matrix of bone. J. Musculoskel. Neuron. Inter. 5: 313–315.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2010) Design of a multiphase osteochondral scaffold II: fabrication of a mineralized collagen-GAG scaffold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 92: 1066–1077.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2004) High-resolution AFM imaging of intact and fracture trabecular bone. Bone 35: 4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1976) Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Symp. 7: 537–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) A critical review of the structural mechanics of wool and hair fibres. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 27: 123–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1985) Hot isostatic pressing diagrams: new developments. Acta Metall. 33: 2163–2174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) Bioceramics – from concept to clinic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74: 1487–1510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1975) Mechanical properties of a crab shell. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 50: 551–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2005) Trabecular microfracture and the influence of pyridinium and non-enzymatic glycation-mediated collagen cross-links. Bone 37: 825–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1978) A study of the normal range of strain, strain rate and stiffness of tendon. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 12: 877–894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J. Gen. Physiol. 36: 39–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1992) Innovative materials processing strategies: a biomimetic approach. Science 255: 1098–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1994) Template directed nucleation and growth of inorganic materials. Adv. Mater. 6: 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006) Structure of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) horn investigated by x-ray computed tomography and histology with implications for growth and external form. J. Morphol. 267: 1172–1176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1983) Mathematical modeling of the stress-strain-strain rate behavior of bone using the Ramberg-Osgood equation. J. Biomech. 16: 445–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Biological processing of nanostructured silica in diatoms. Pro. Org. Coat. 47: 256–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Prospects of manipulating diatom silica nanostructure. J. Nanosci. Nanotech. 5: 146–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2008) Diatoms, biomineralization processes, and genomics. Chem. Rev. 108: 4855–4874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Nanoscale control of silica morphology and three-dimensional structure during diatom cell wall formation. J. Mater. Res. 21: 2689–2698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1938) The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 126: 136–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) The specific location of zinc in insect mandibles. J. Exp. Biol. 101: 333–366.Google Scholar
, , and (1982) On the indentation hardness of insect cuticle. J. Exp. Biol. 96: 45–52.Google Scholar
, , , and (1993) Solid-state NMR analysis of crosslinking in mussel protein glue. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 302: 255–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1970) Biocompatibility in selection of materials for implantation. I. Biomed. Mater. Res. 4: 341–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002) Head structures of Priacma serrata Leconte (Coleptera, Archostemata) inferred from x-ray tomography. J. Morphol. 252: 298–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2004) Conch shell structure and its effect on mechanical behaviors. Biomater. 25: 751–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Controlled replication of butterfly wings for achieving tunable photonic properties. Nano. Lett. 6: 2325–2331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2004) A nanomechanical device based on linear molecular motors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85: 5391–5393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) Insect cuticular growth layers seen under the scanning electron microscope: a new display method. Tissue Cell 19: 705–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1993) The Interface Between Mosquitoes and Humans. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press (in Japanese).Google Scholar
, , , , and (2003) Microstructure, mechanical, and biomimetic properties of fish scales from Pagrus major. J. Structur. Biol. 142: 327–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2003) In vitro fracture toughness of human dentin. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 66: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2005) The dentin–enamel junction and the fracture of human teeth. Nature Mater. 4: 229–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1988) The mechanical design of nacre. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 234: 415–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1972) Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 2904–2909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1978) The morphology of bone mineral crystals. Calcif. Tissue Res. 25: 217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1974) Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71: 1250–1254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2000) Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophys. J. 79: 1737–1746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1992) Compression failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites. J. Comp. Mater. 26: 2706–2726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) The work of fracture of wood in relation to its structure. In , , and , eds. Wood Structure in Biological and Technological Research. Leiden: The University Press, pp. 253–265.Google Scholar
(1980) Wood, one of nature’s challenging composites. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34: 169–182.Google ScholarPubMed
and (2004) Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solid 52: 1963–1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2010) Mechanical properties of biological composites. Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. 40: 77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) How do slender mineral crystals resist buckling in biological materials?Phil. Mag. Lett. 84: 631–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1975) Mechanical properties of a crustacean exoskeleton. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 50: 545–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1971) Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 324: 301–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1972) A study in jet propulsion: an analysis of the motion of the squid, Loligo vulgaris. Exp. Biol. 56: 155–165.Google Scholar
, , and (1976) The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the hinge ligament in bivalve mollusks. Biol. Bull. 151: 161–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000) Structural basis for the fracture toughness of the shell of the conch Strombus gigas. Nature 405: 1036–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2004) Fracture mechanisms of the Strombus gigas conch shell: II – micromechanics analyses of multiple cracking and large-scale crack bridging. Acta Materialia 52: 2395–2406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1991) In , ed. Biomaterials: Novel Materials from Biological Sources. New York: Stockton Press.Google Scholar
, , , and (1994) Silk: biology, structure, properties, and genetics. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. 544: 2–16.Google Scholar
and (1994) Biomimicking of animal quills and plant stems: natural cylindrical shells with foam cores. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2: 113–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995a) Elastic buckling of cylindrical shells with elastic cores I: Analysis. Intl. J. Solids Struct. 32: 1259–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995b) Elastic buckling of cylindrical shells with elastic cores II: Experiments. Intl. J. Solids Struct. 32, 1285–1306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996) Strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties of the equine hoof wall. J. Exp. Biol. 199: 1133–1146.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1997) Design complexity and fracture control in the equine hoof wall. J. Exp. Biol. 200: 1639–1659.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1998) Exploring the possible functions of equine hoof wall tubules. Equine Vet. J. 26: 10–14.Google Scholar
and (1999) Micromechanics of the equine hoof wall: optimizing crack control and material stiffness through modulation of the properties of keratin. J. Exp. Biol. 202: 377–391.Google ScholarPubMed
(1971) Hard tissue as a composite material. 1. Bounds on elastic behavior. J. Biomech. 4: 455–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1967) Abductin: a rubber-like protein from the internal triangular hinge ligament of pectin. Science 155: 208–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2010) Nanoconfinement controls stiffness, strength and mechanical toughness of beta-sheet crystals in silk. Nature Mater. 9: 359–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) Processing of laminated B4C-polymer laminated composites. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington.
, , , , and (2006) Self-assembled bifunctional surface mimics an enzymatic and templating protein for the synthesis of a metal oxide semiconductor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 5652–5657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1987a) Fracture toughness of horns and a reinterpretation of the horning behaviour of bovids. J. Zool. 213: 621–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987b) Effect of water on the linear viscoelasticity of horn sheath keratin. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 6: 321–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) An analysis of the forces of fighting of the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) and the mechanical design of horns of bovids. J. Zool. 214: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) The evolution and mechanical design of horns and antlers. In and , eds. Biomechanics and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229–253.Google Scholar
(2000) Fighting and the mechanical design of horns and antlers. In and , eds. Biomechanics in Animal Behavior. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers, pp. 291–314.Google Scholar
and (1987) Composite theory and the effect of water on the stiffness of horn keratin. J. Mater. Sci. 22: 1385–1389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1969) Internal microstructure of shell of bivalve mollusks. Am. Zool. 9: 633–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2006) Bivalve shell structure and organic matrix. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 692–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2009) Multifunctional surface structures of plants: an inspiration for biomimetics. Prog. Mater. Sci. 54: 137–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2008) The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistic short cracks. Nature Mater. 7: 672–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) Bioactive glass ceramics: properties and applications. Biomater. 12: 155–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Mimicking the colourful wing scale structure of the Papilio blumei butterfly. Nature Nanotech. 5: 511–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2004) Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review. Enzyme Microbiol. Tech. 35: 126–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2009) Mechanical function of a complex three-dimensional suture joining the bony elements in the shell of the red-eared slider turtle. Adv. Mater. 21: 407–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2011) Thin film assembly of spider silk-like block copolymers. Langmuir 27: 1000–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003) Crack blunting, crack bridging and resistance-curve fracture mechanics in dentin: effect of hydration. Biomater. 24: 5209–5221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1996) Fracture mechanisms of the Strombus gigas conch shell: implications for the design of brittle laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 31: 6583–6594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2009) Optical and nonlinear optical properties of sea glass sponge spicules. Prog. Molec. Subcell. Biol. 47: 315–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2010) Dynamic fracture resilience of elk antler: biomimetic inspiration for improved crashworthiness. JOM 62: 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2011) A study of the dynamic compressive behavior of elk antler. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 1030–1041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2009) Mimicking domino-like photonic nanostructures on butterfly wings. Small 5: 574–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1989) Novel composite microstructure and mechanical behavior of mollusk shell. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 72: 2177–2179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2009) Designing highly toughened hybrid composites through nature-inspired hierarchical complexity. Acta Mater. 57: 2919–2932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2010a) On the mechanistic origins of toughness in bone. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 40: 25–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2010b) Mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone. Acta Biomater. 6: 1505–1514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Grazing-incidence iridescence from a butterfly wing. Appl. Opt. 41: 437–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2007) Biomechanics approaches to studying human diseases. Trends Biotechnol. 25: 111–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2007a) Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 318: 426–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2007b) A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos. Nature 448: 338–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2011) Impact testing of structural biological materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 730–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002) Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses. Science 296: 892–895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2009) Fabricating genetically engineered high-power lithium-ion batteries using multiple virus genes. Science 324: 1051–1055.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1989) A remarkably strong natural glassy rod: the anchoring spicule of the Monorhaphis sponge. Mater. Sci. Lett. 8: 337–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2009) Drying stresses and damage in human stratum corneum. Inl. J. Cosmet. Sci. 32: 276–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2011) Effect of glycerin on drying stresses in human stratum corneum. J. Dermatol. Sci. 61: 129–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001) Structure of the nacreous organic matrix of a bivalve mollusk shell examined in the hydrated state using Cryo-TEM. J. Struct. Biol. 135: 8–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2010) Ancient texts and archaeology revisited radiocarbon and Biblical dating in the southern Levant. Antiquity 84: 834–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1993) Micromechanics of crack bridging in fibre-reinforced concrete. Mater. Struct. 26: 486–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2005) Molecular orientation of collagen in intact planar connective tissues under biaxial stretch. Acta Biomater. 1: 45–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2002) High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws. Science 298: 389–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2006) Single cell mechanics study of the human disease malaria. J. Biomech. Sci. Eng. 1: 82–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2004) Large deformation of living cells using laser traps. Acta Mater. 52: 1837–1845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2006a) Experimental techniques for single cell and single molecule biomechanics. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1278–1288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006b) Mechanical models for living cells – a review. J. Biomech. 39: 195–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2005) Growth and structure in abalone shell. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 390: 27–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2009) Interfacial shear strength in abalone nacre. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2: 607–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Mechanical properties and structure of Strombus gigas, Tridacna gigas and Haliotis rufescens sea shells: a comparative study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1380–1389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2008) The growth of nacre in the abalone shell. Acta Biomater. 4: 131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2009) Underwater adhesion of abalone: the role of van der Waals and capillary forces. Acta Mater. 57: 4178–4185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2012) Fabrication of dense hydroxyapatite nanobioceramics with enhanced mechanical properties via two-step sintering process. Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Tech. 9: 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2011) Mechanical properties and laminate structure of Arapaima gigas scale. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 1145–1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) The role of antlers in the behaviour of red deer. J. Exp. Zool. 182: 233–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2009) Selective biodegradation of keratin matrix in feather rachis reveals classic bioengineering. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 277: 1161–1168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2011) Growth of nacre in abalone: seasonal and feeding effects. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 238–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1962) Magnetite in denticle capping in recent chitons (polyplacophora). Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 73: 435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000) Review: micromechanical testing of bone trabeculae-potentials and limitations. J. Mater. Sci. 35: 6057–6064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2005) Composition-controlled nanocomposites of apatite and collagen incorporating silicon as an osseopromotive agent. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 74: 447–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1990a) Thickness effects in microlayer composites of polycarbonate and poly-(styrene-acrylonitrile). J. Mater. Sci. 25: 2039–2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1990b) Fatigue crack propagation of polycarbonate and poly-(styrene-acrylonitrile). J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 40: 669–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004) Single crystal structure analysis of sea urchin spine calcites: systematic investigations of the Ca/Mg distribution as a function of habitat of the sea urchin and the sample location in the spine. Eur. J. Mineral. 16: 261–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2008) Biodegradable and biocompatible gecko inspired adhesive. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 2307–2312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2010) The hardness and modulus of elasticity of primary molar teeth: an ultra-micro-indentation study. J. Dentistry 28: 589–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2003) Equine cortical bone exhibits rising R-curve fracture mechanics. J. Biomech. 36: 191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001) Biomineralization: Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1993) Crystallization at inorganic-organic interfaces: biominerals and biomimetic synthesis. Science 261: 1286–1292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997) Thin films and nanolaminates incorporating organic/inorganic interfaces. Curr. Opin. Sol. State Mater. Sci. 2: 358–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005) Molluscan biomineralization: the proteinaceous shell constituents of Pinna nobilis L. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 25: 105–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1977) The keratin proteins of wool, horn and hoof from sheep. Austr. J. Bio. Sci. 30: 389–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) A hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of osteonal remodeling by fatigue damage. J. Biomech. 15: 137–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1964) Elastic behavior of low density rigid foams in structural applications. Soc. Plast. Eng. J. 20: 1024–1030.Google Scholar
(2005) Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites. Science 310: 1144–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2006) New classes of tough composite materials – lessons from natural rigid biological systems. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1261–1268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002) Rigid biological composite materials: structural examples for biomimetic design. Exp. Mech. 42: 395–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1983) Comparisons of toe pads of some Southern African climbing frogs. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18: 110–114.Google Scholar
(1938) Absorbable metal in bone surgery: a further report on the use of magnesium alloys. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 111: 2464–2467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966) Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 1231–1236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Energy absorbent natural materials and bio-inspired design strategies: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30: 331–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2012) The structure, functions, and mechanical properties of keratin. JOM 64: 449–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Template-directed control of crystal morphologies. Macromol. Biosci. 7: 152–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1996) Hardness and toughness of exoskeleton material in the stone crab Menippe mercenaria. J. Mater. Res. 11: 2903–2907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2003) Osteoblast adhesion onto titanium dental implants. Acta Microsc. 12: 13–19.Google Scholar
, , , and (2000) Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response of Haliotis rufescens (abalone) shells. Acta Mater. 48: 2383–2398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2001) Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response of Strombus gigas (conch) shells. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 297: 203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1961) Keratin and Keratinization: An Essay in Molecular Biology. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
and (2009) Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2006) Structural biological composites: an overview. JOM 58: 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2008a) Mechanical strength of abalone nacre: role of the soft organic layer. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 1: 76–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2008b) Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 53: 1–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2008c) The cutting edge: sharp biological materials. JOM 60: 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2010) The role of organic layer in abalone nacre. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29: 2398–2410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2011) Biological materials: a materials science approach. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 626–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2012) Battle in the Amazon: Arapaima versus Piranha. Adv. Eng. Mater. 14: B1–B10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2013) Structural biological materials: critical mechanics-materials connections. Science 339: 773–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2006) Biomimetics and technical textiles: solving engineering problems with the help of nature’s wisdom. Am. J. Botany 93: 1455–1465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2008) The transition from stiff to compliant materials in squid beaks. Science 319: 1816–1819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2009a) Microstructural and biochemical characterization of the nanoporous sucker rings from Dosidicus gigas. Adv. Mater. 21: 401–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2009b) Non-entropic and reversible long-range deformation of an encapsulating bioelastomer. Nature Mater. 8: 910–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1996) Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion. Cell 84: 371–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1990) Comparative-studies of fresh and aged Tridacna gigas shell – preliminary investigations of a reported technique for pretreatment of tool material. J. Archaeol. Sci. 17: 329–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2011a) Natural lignocellulosic fibers as engineering materials – an overview. Metall. Mater. Trans. 42a: 2963–2974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2011b) Selection of high strength natural fibers. Revista Matéria 15: 488–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2007) Titanium alloy mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage: immediate loading and metal ion release. Acta Biomater. 3: 331–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2008) Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials. Science 322: 1516–1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2012) The microstructure of the cultured freshwater pearl. JOM 64: 469–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1968) Some mechanical properties of the third human lumbar interlaminar ligament (ligamen tum flavum). J. Biomech. 1: 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) Nacre formation in bivalve and gastropod mollusks. In and , eds. Mechanisms and Phylogeny of Mineralization in Biological Systems. New York: Springer, pp. 343–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1982) Electron microscopic and amino acid studies on the outer and inner shell layers of Haliotis rufescens. Venus Jpn. J. Malac. 41: 33–46.Google Scholar
, , and (2003a) Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nature Mater. 2: 164–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003b) Effect of orientation on the in vitro fracture toughness of dentin: the role of toughening mechanisms. Biomater. 24: 3955–3968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004) On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: microcracking or crack bridging?Bone 34: 790–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005) Mechanistic aspects of fracture and R-curve behavior of human cortical bone. Biomater. 26: 217–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2006a) Role of microstructure in the aging-related deterioration of the toughness of human cortical bone. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1251–1260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006b) Role of alcohol in the fracture resistance of teeth. J. Dent. Res. 85: 1022–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes. Science 312: 886–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Revealing the design principles of high-performance biological composites using ab initio and multiscale simulations: the example of lobster cuticle. Adv. Mater. 22: 519–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2011) Anisotropy in the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone and the mineral and protein constituents. Acta Biomater. 7: 3170–3177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2006) Mollusk shell formation: mapping the distribution of organic matrix components underlying a single aragonitic tablet in nacre. J. Struct. Biol. 153: 176–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1983) Adsorption of bifunctional organic disulfides on gold surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105: 4481–4483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) Large deformation isotropic elasticity – on the correlation of theory and experiment for incompressible rubberlike solids. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 326: 565–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2002) Fabrication of a micro needle for a trace blood test. Proc. Sensor. Actuat. A 97–98: 478–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Martensite and life: displacive transformations as biological processes. J. de Phys. 43: (C4) 855–865.Google Scholar
and (1980) Studies on formation and resorption of fish scales. Cell Tissue Res. 211: 303–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1979) Studies on fish scale formation and resorption. Cell Tissue Res. 201: 409–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2001) Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite surface steps. Nature 411: 775–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1988) The role of elastin in the mechanical properties of skin. J. Biomech. 3: 213–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2010) Keratin homogeneity in the tail feathers of Pavo cristatus and Pavo cristatus mut. Alba. J. Struct. Biol. 172: 270–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1975) The mechanical properties of stratum corneum: I. The effect of water and ambient temperature on the tensile properties of newborn rat stratum corneum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 399: 170–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1972) Rheology of stratum corneum. Part I. A molecular interpretation of the stress-strain curve. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 23: 3–12.Google Scholar
and (2001) Water capture from desert fogs by a Namibian beetle. Nature 414: 33–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998) Hard α-keratin intermediate filament chains: substructure of the N- and C-terminal domains and the predicted structure and function of the C-terminal domains of type I and type II chains. J. Struct. Biol. 122: 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 12787–12792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1963) Mineralization of keratin and its comparison with the enamel matrix. Nature 199: 531–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of the scaling of wet and dry biological fibrillar adhesives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 18595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004) Degradation of a collagen-chondroitin-6 sulfate matrix by collagenase and chondroitinase. Biomater. 25: 472–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2011) Mechanical characterization of the softening behavior of human vaginal tissue. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. 4: 275–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2000) Mechanical properties of silkworm silk in liquid media. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 75: 1270–1277.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1977) Self-assembly of collagen fibers. Influence of fibrillar alignment and decorin on mechanical properties. Biophys. J. 73: 2164–2172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1990) The mechanical properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 15: 510.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2007) Morpho butterfly wing scales demonstrate highly selective vapor response. Nature Photon. 1: 123–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Biosilica formation diatoms: characterization of native silaffin-2 and its role in silica morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100: 12075–12080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2009) Sea urchin spines as a model-system for permeable, light-weight ceramics with graceful failure behavior. Part I. Mechanical behavior of sea urchin spines under compression. J. Bionic Eng. 6: 203–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. J. Exp. Zool. 285: 291–306.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1983) Measurement of the fracture toughness of extensible connective tissues. J. Mater. Sci. 18: 3591–3598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1978) Mechanical properties of primary feathers from the pigeon. J. Exp. Biol. 72: 251–260.Google Scholar
and (2006) Scaling effects of wet adhesion in biological attachment systems. Acta Biomater. 2: 51–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997) Tough tendons: mussel byssus has collagen with silk-like domains. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 32623–32627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1998) Manganese and zinc in the ovipositors and mandibles of hymenopterous insects. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 124: 387–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2005b) Discovery of a honeycomb structure in the twisted plywood patterns of fibrous biological nanocomposite tissue. J. Crystal Growth 283: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005c) The crustacean exoskeleton as an example of a structurally and mechanically graded biological nanocomposite material. Acta Mater. 53: 4281–4292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2006) Microstructure and crystallographic texture of the chitin–protein network in the biological composite material of the exoskeleton of the lobster Homarus americanus. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 421: 143–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1995) Fundamentals of residual stresses in joints between dissimilar material. Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 20: 37–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2011) Protein-based block copolymers. Biomacromol. 12: 269–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2005) Nanocrystal-powered nanomotor. Nano Lett. 5: 1730–1733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2013) Comparative study of carp otolith hardness: lapillus and asteriscus. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33: 1876–1881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2009) A study on the structure and mechanical behavior of the Terrapene carolina carapace: a pathway to design bio-inspired synthetic composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29: 2333–2339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2011) A study on the structure and mechanical behavior of the Dasypus novemcinctus shell. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 363–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998) Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med. Eng. Phys. 20: 92–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog. Polymer Sci. 31: 603–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Mechanisms of fatigue crack propagation in metals, ceramics and composites: role of crack tip shielding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 103: 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) Mechanisms of fatigue-crack propagation in ductile and brittle solids. Int. J. Fracture 100: 55–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Cortical bone fracture. In , ed. Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
and (1951) Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials. VII. Experiments on the deformation of rubber. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 243: 251–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1990) Measurement of the mechanical properties of the ovine anterior cruciate ligament bone-ligament-bone complex: a basis for prosthetic evaluation. Biomater. 11: 89–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1975) Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. J. Cell. Biol. 66: 635–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2007) The exoskeleton of the lobster Homarus americanus as an example of a smart anisotropic biological material. Acta Biomater. 3: 301–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1965) The structure of the digital setae of lizards. J. Morphol. 117: 271–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1992) Origin of hard parts: early skeletal fossils. In and , eds. Palaeobiology: A Synthesis. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 24–29.Google Scholar
and (1989) Tensile testing of rodlike trabeculae excised from bovine femoral bone. J. Biomech. 22: 351–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006a) Hardness and elastic properties of dehydrated cuticle from the lobster. J. Mater. Res. 21: 1987–1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006b) Experimental investigation of the elastic-plastic deformation of mineralized lobster cuticle by digital image correlation. J. Structur. Biol. 155: 409–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003) Incorporation of experimentally-derived fiber orientation into a structural constitutive model for planar collagenous tissues. Trans. ASME 125: 280–287.Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (2010) Viscoelastic solids explain spider web stickiness. Nature Commun. 1: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Reproduction of the Morpho blue by nanocasting lithography. J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B 24: 3248–3251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005) Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems. Nature Mater. 4: 277–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2002) Novel, bioclastic route to self-assembled, 3D, chemically tailored meso/nanostructures: shape-preserving reactive conversion of biosilica (diatom) microshells. Adv. Mater. 14: 429–433.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994) An introduction to biomimetics: a structural viewpoint. Micros. Res. Tech. 27: 360–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1992) Nacre of abalone shell: a natural multifunctional nanolaminated ceramic-polymer composite material. In , ed. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation – Biopolymers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990) Mechanical property-microstructural relationships in abalone shell. In , , and , eds. Materials Synthesis Utilizing Biological Processes, MRS Symp. Proc. Vol. 174. Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society, pp. 109–116.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2001) Biomimetic model of a sponge – spicular optical fiber-mechanical properties and structure. J. Mater. Res. 16: 1420–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2003) Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology through biology. Nature Mater. 2: 577–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1996) Elongation mechanism of collagen fibrils and force-strain relations of tendon at each level of structural hierarchy. J. Biomech. 29: 1131–1136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1957) Interatomic distances and thermal anisotropy in sodium nitrate and calcite. Acta Crystall. 10: 567–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1997) Does abalone nacre form by heteroepitaxial nucleation or by growth through mineral bridges?Chem. Mater. 9: 1731–1740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2006) Balloon angioplasty versus implantation of Nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery. New Engl. J. Med. 354: 1879–1888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2012) Hierarchical super-structure identified by polarized light microscopy, electron microscopy and nanoindentation: implications for the limits of biological control over the growth mode of abalone sea shells. BMC Biophys. 5: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002) Tooth hardness increases with zinc-content in mandibles of young adult leaf-cutter ants. Naturwissenschaft. 89: 579–583.Google ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Substrate-induced growth of nanostructured zinc oxide films at room temperature using concepts of biomimetic catalysis. Langmuir 22: 9829–9831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001) Structure and mechanical aspects of the skin of Bufo marinus (Anura, Amphibia). Tissue Cell 33: 541–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002) Emulating biology: building nanostructures from the bottom up. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 6451–6455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2005) Structure and mechanical behavior of a toucan beak. Acta Mater. 53: 5281–5296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) The toucan beak: structure and mechanical response. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1412–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2010) Toucan and hornbill beaks: comparative study. Acta Biomater. 6: 331–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2012) Structure and micro-computed tomography-based finite element modeling of toucan beak. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 9: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Sequential bone healing of immediately loaded mini-implants: histomorphometric and fluorescence analysis. Am. J. Orthodont. Dentofac. Orthop. 137: 80–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2008) Gecko-inspired carbon nanotube based self cleaning adhesives. Nano. Lett. 8: 822–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2006) Nano-cluster composite structure of calcitic sponge spicules – a case study of basic characteristics of biominerals. J. Inorg. Biochem. 100: 88–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1992) The structure and mechanical design of rhinoceros dermal armour. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 337: 419–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1989) A devonian spinneret: early evidence of spiders and silk use. Science 246: 479–481.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of Lustrin A, a matrix protein from shell and pearl nacre of Haliotis rufescens. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 32472–32481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2008) Stress-strain experiments on individual collagen fibrils. Biophys. J. 95: 3956–3963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2011) Viscoelastic properties of isolated collagen fibrils. Biophys. J. 100: 3008–3015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1995) Towards a chronology of Haliotis fulgens, with a review of abalone shell microstructure. Mar. Freshwater Res. 46: 607–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) The uniaxial stress versus strain response of pig skin and silicone rubber at low and high strain rates. Int. J. Impact Engng. 32: 1384–1402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Cuttlebone morphology limits habitat depth in eleven species of Sepia (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae). Biol. Bull. 198: 404–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1990) Mechanism of failure of the ligamentum flavum of the spine during in vitro tensile tests. J. Orthop. Res. 8: 586–591.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1988) Crystal growth and the role of the organic network in eggshell biomineralization. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 227: 303–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989) Biomineralization: Cell Biology and Mineral Deposition. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
and (2003) Synthetic gecko foot-hair micro/nano-structures as dry adhesives. J. Adhes. Sci. Tech. 17: 1055–1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997) Kinematics of surface growth. J. Math. Biol. 35: 869–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1995) Hypermineralized peripheral lamellae in primary osteons of deer antler: potential functional analogues of cement lines in mammalian secondary bone. J. Bone Min. Res. 10 (Suppl. 1): 441.Google Scholar
and (1979) Mechanical properties of mussel byssus threads. J. Mollusc. Stud. 49: 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface. Science 228: 1315–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Protein self-assembly creates a nanoscale device for biomineralization. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26: 1296–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002) Microstructure and characteristics in the organic matrix layers of nacre. J. Mater. Res. 17: 1567–1570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Structural and mechanical properties of the organic matrix of nacre. Biomater. 24: 3623–3631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2011) Threat-protection mechanics of an armored fish. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 699–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2012) What’s next? Alternative materials for articulation in total joint replacement. Acta Biomater. 8: 2434–2441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2000) Powering an inorganic nanodevice with a biomolecular motor. Science 290: 1555–1558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005a) Effects of contact shape on the scaling of biological attachments. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 461: 305–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005b) Adhesion design maps for bio-inspired attachment systems. Acta Biomater. 1: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1991) Biomimetics: advancing man-made materials through guidance from nature. Appl. Mech. Rev. 44: 463–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Self-expanding Nitinol stents – material and design consideration. Eur. Radiol. 14: 292–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2012) Towards high-performance bioinspired composites. Adv. Mater. 24: 5024–5044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2002) Structural and microstructural characterization of the growth lines and prismatic microarchitecture in red abalone shell and the microstructures of abalone “flat pearls”. Chem. Mater. 14: 3106–3117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2013) Structural design and mechanical behavior of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) osteoderms. Acta Biomater. 9: 9049–9064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2003) Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge. Nature 424: 899–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2007) Biomechanics and biophysics of cancer cells. Acta Biomater. 3: 413–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2005) Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria. Acta Biomater. 1: 15–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1992) Wing bone stresses in free flying bats and the evolution of skeletal design for flight. Nature 359: 726–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1993) Layer thickness effect on ductile tensile fracture of ultrahigh carbon steel-brass laminates. Met. Trans. A 24: 1647–1653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Molecular biomimetics: utilizing nature’s molecular ways to practical engineering. Acta Biomater. 3: 289–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2008) Molecular biomimetics: genetic synthesis, assembly, and formation of materials using peptides. MRS Bull. 33: 504–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2003) Nanostructured artificial nacre. Nature Mater. 2: 413–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2004) The influence of hydration on the tensile and compressive properties of avian keratinous tissues. J. Mater. Sci. 39: 939–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1972) The mechanical properties of bivalve (Mollusca) shell structures. Palaeontol. 15: 73–87.Google Scholar
and (2010) Ritualized fighting and biological armor: the impact mechanics of the mantis shrimp’s telson. J. Exp. Biol. 213: 3496–3504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1998) Thermodynamics of calcite growth: baseline for understanding biomineral formation. Science 282: 724–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1968) On Growth and Form, 2nd edn., reprinted. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2001) Bone indentation recovery time correlates with bone reforming time. Nature 414: 773–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1975b) Deformation characteristics of zinc foam. Met. Trans. 6A: 1801–1807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed. (1994) Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials. Committee on Synthetic Hierarchical Structures, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, NMAB–464.
, , , , and (2010) Microstructure, elastic and fracture properties of horn keratin. Acta Biomater. 6: 319–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2003) Size and shape of mineralites in young bovine bone measured by atomic force microscopy. Calcif. Tiss. Int. 72: 592–598.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2007) Self-healing materials with microvascular networks. Nature Mater. 6: 581–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1948) Theorie und Verhalten zusammengepresster Pulver. Berg.-u Huttenmann. Monatsch. Montan. Hochschule Leoben 93: 62.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2008) Characterization of the nanocomposite laminate structure occurring in fish scales from Arapaima gigas. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 28: 1276–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1967) Physical properties of rigid polyurethane foams. J. Cell. Plast. 3: 405–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1989) Three-dimensional ordered distribution of crystals in turkey tendon collagen fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 9822–9826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1944) Stress-strain data for vulcanised rubber under various types of deformation. Trans. Faraday Soc. 40: 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2011) The effects of water and microstructure on the mechanical properties of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) horn. Acta Biomater. 7: 1228–1240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1990) The fine structure and function of the foot of Nassarius krausslanus, a gastropod moving by ciliary locomotion. J. Moll. Stud. 56: 221–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1986) Polytetrapeptide of elastin: temperature-correlated elastomeric force and structure development. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 28: 649–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , (2008) High strength porous copper by cold extrusion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 10: 826–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001) Yield and post-yield behavior of mussel byssal thread: a self-healing biomolecular material. Biomacromol. 2: 906–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2004) Rising crack-growth-resistance behavior in cortical bone: implication for toughness measurements. J. Biomech. 37: 943–946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997) Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcrack toughening. J. Biomech. 10: 763–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000) Contribution, development and morphology of microcracking in cortical bone during crack propagation. J. Biomech. 33: 1169–1174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003) Experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone. J. Biomech. 36: 121–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Multifunctional composites using reinforced laminate with carbon-nantube forests. Nature Mater. 5: 457–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1934) Le matériel métallique résorbable en chirurgie asseuse. La Presse Medicale 23: 460–465.Google Scholar
and , eds. (1980) The Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, no. 34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
and (1995) The mechanism of drilling by wood wasp ovipositors. Biomimetics 3: 187–201.Google Scholar
and (2002) Systematic technology transfer from biology to engineering. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 360: 159–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle. Arthropod Struct. Develop. 33: 187–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1972) Influence of age, treatment with corticosteroids and strain rate on mechanical properties of rat skin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 286: 79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Strength and structure of spiders’ silks. Rev. Mol. Biotechnol. 74: 67–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1958) The crystalline structure on the nacre of pearl oyster shell. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish 24: 422–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1959) On the arrangement of aragonite crystals in the inner layer of the nacre. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish 25: 342–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001) Comparison of bending modulus and yield strength between outer stratum medium and stratum medium zone alba in equine hooves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62: 745–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1976) Mechanical Design in Organisms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004) Exploring the molecular and mechanical gradients in structural bioscaffolds. Biochem. 43: 7653–7662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005) Mussel adhesion: finding tricks worth mimicking. J. Adhesion 81: 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2012) Biocorrosion of coated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy under constant compressive stress close to that of human tibia. Mater. Lett. 70: 174–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2008) Bio-corrosion of a magnesium alloy with different processing histories. Mater. Lett. 62: 2476–2479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001) Deformation mechanisms in nacre. J. Mater. Res. 16: 2485–2493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1948) Determination of the elastic properties of horn keratin. J. Textile Inst. 39: 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2003) A hot-vent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1960) Influence of the organic matrix on crystal type in molluscs. Nature 188: 334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2005a) Brilliant blue observation from a Morpho-butterfly-scale quasi-structure. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44: L48–L50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2005b) Optical measurement and fabrication from a Morpho-butterfly-scale quasistructure by focused ion beam chemical vapor deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23: 570–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994) Small-angle X-ray scattering study of dispersed crystals from bone and tendon. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9: 1651–1655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2010) Analysis of an ultra hard magnetic biomineral in chiton radular teeth. Mater. Today 13: 42–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2012) The stomatopod dactyl club: a formidable damage-tolerant biological hammer. Science. 336: 1275–1280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1970) Mechanical properties, strongly temperature dependent. In , ed., Physical Metallurgy. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
(2011) Bending efficiency through property gradients in bamboo, palm, and wood-based composites. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. 4: 744–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) The mechanical efficiency of natural materials. Phil. Mag. 84: 2167–2181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1951) A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J. Appl. Mech. 18: 293–297.Google Scholar
(1980) X-ray-diffraction study of the insoluble organic matrix of mollusk shells. FEBS Lett. 111: 311–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984) Organization of organic matrix components in mineralized tissues. Am. Zool. 24: 945–951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1975) Soluble protein of the organic matrix of mollusk shells: a potential template for shell formation. Science 190: 987–989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1986) Disaggregation of bone into crystals. Calcif. Tiss. Int. 39: 365–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1998) The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28: 271–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1983) Electron diffraction of mollusc shell organic matrices and their relationship to the mineral phase. Int. J. Bio. Macromol. 5: 325–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1984) Macromolecules in mollusc shells and their functions in biomineralization. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 304: 425–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1986) Lamellar bone: structure–function relations. J. Structur. Biol. 126: 241–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1961b) Molecular interpretation of the elasticity of resilin, a rubber-like protein. J. Mol. Biol. 3: 648–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2010) The peacock’s train (Pavo cristatus and Pavo cristatus mut. alba) I. Structure, mechanics, and chemistry of the tail feather coverts. J. Exp. Zool. 313A: 690–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2006) The distribution of chitin in larval shells of the bivalve mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis. J. Struct. Biol. 153: 264–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1991) Molecular recognition at crystal interfaces. Science 253: 637–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1974) The fine structure of the digital pads of rhacophorid tree frogs. Cell Tiss. Res. 148: 407–416.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2001) Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 409: 794–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2005) Developmental biology meets materials science: morphogenesis of biomineralized structures. Devel. Biol. 280: 15–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1970) Microarchitecture and deposition of gastropod nacre. Science 167: 1486–1488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2005) In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomater. 26: 3557–3563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Micromechanical properties of biological silica in skeletons of deep-sea sponges. J. Mater. Res. 21: 2068–2078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2001) Mechanical properties of human Achilles tendon. Clin. Biomech. 11: 245–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1977) Fracture mechanics parameters for compact bone – the effects of density and specimen thickness. J. Biomech. 10: 419–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2002) Using hierarchical self-assembly to form three-dimensional lattices of spheres. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 124: 14495–14502.Google Scholar
, , and (2006) Mechanical properties of human stratum corneum: effects of temperature, hydration, and chemical treatment. Biomater. 27: 785–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1992) The molecular control of avian egg shell mineralization. In and , eds. Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues. NewYork: Elsevier, pp. 133–141.Google Scholar
(1901) Zur frage der geschwindigkeit des wachstums und derauflösung der kristallflächen. Z. Kristall. 34: 449–530.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006a) Re-evaluating the toughness of human cortical bone. Bone 38: 878–887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2006b) Fracture length scales in human cortical bone: the necessity of nonlinear fracture models. Biomater. 27: 2095–2113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2011a) Structural characterization and mechanical behavior of a bivalve shell (Saxidomus purpuratus). Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31: 724–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2011b) Structure and mechanical properties of Saxidomus purpuratus biological shells. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4: 1514–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2013a) Axial compression of a hollow cylinder filled with foam: a study of porcupine quills. Acta Biomater. 9: 5297–5305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2013b) Natural flexible dermal armor. Adv. Mater. 25: 31–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (2013c) Structure and fracture resistance of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) armored fish scales. Acta Biomater. 9: 5876–5889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1982) Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a functional extension of skin. Science 215: 174–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) Multi-scale cohesive laws in hierarchical materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 44: 8177–8193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2008) Multi-scale cohesive laws in hierarchical materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 45: 3627–3643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2010) Protection mechanisms of the iron-plated armor of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 987–992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , and (1990) Biomimetic processing of ceramics and ceramic-metal composites. Mater. Res. Soc. 180: 625–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000) Calculation of porosity and osteonal cement line effects on the effective fracture toughness of cortical bone in longitudinal crack growth. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51: 504–509.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1997) The influence of bone morphology on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia. Bone 21: 453–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1998) Influence of bone composition and apparent density on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia. Bone 22: 79–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2011) A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems. Bioinsp. Biomim. 6: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1986) Cellulose: Structure, Modification, and Hydrolysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2005) Biomorphic SiSiC/zeolite ceramic composites: from rattan palm to bioinspired structured monoliths for catalysis and sorption. Adv. Mater. 17: 344–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1996) Critical transitions in the biofabrication of abalone shells and flat pearls. Chem. Mater. 8: 679–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2006) Biomimetic zinc oxide replica with structural color using butterfly (Ideopsis similis) wings as templates. Bioinsp. Biomim. 1: 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2003) Effect of inorganic-organic interface adhesion of mechanical properties of Al2O3/polymer laminate composites. Comp. Sci. Tech. 63: 1009–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Some progress in the biomimetic study of composite materials. Mater. Chem. Phys. 45: 114–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2010) Strain rate sensitivity of skin tissue under thermomechanical loading. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 368: 679–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2008) Spectrin folding versus unfolding reactions and RBC membrane stiffness. Biophys. J. 94: 2529–2545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2003) Coloration strategies in peacock feathers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 12576–12578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1998) Changes in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of human cortical bone with age. Bone 22: 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1994) An examination of the micromechanics of failure of bone and antler by acoustic emission tests and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Med. Eng. Phys. 16: 203–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1996) Experimental and theoretical quantification of the development of damage in fatigue tests of bone and antler. J. Biomech. 29: 989–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1994) Bone crystal sizes: a comparison of transmission electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction width broadening techniques. Connect. Tissue Res. 30: 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2005) Biomorphous SiSiC/Al-Si ceramic composites manufactured by squeeze casting: microstructure and mechanical properties. Adv. Eng. Mater. 7: 743–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1934) Studies in reptilian colour response. I. The bionomics and physiology of the pigmentary activity of the chameleon. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 223: 27–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Ultrastructure of scales in a teleost (Carassius auratus L.) after use of rapid freeze-fixation and freeze-substitution. Cell Tissue Res. 223: 349–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1988) Cytoskeletal organization and collagen orientation in the fish scales. Cell Tissue Res. 253: 597–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1992) Organization and characterization of fibrillar collagens in fish scales in situ and in vitro. J. Cell. Sci. 103: 273–285.Google Scholar