Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-r7xzm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T19:40:46.580Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - History, Assessment, and Cultural Shaping of Alexithymia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2018

Olivier Luminet
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
R. Michael Bagby
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Graeme J. Taylor
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Alexithymia
Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice
, pp. 1 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aisenstein, M. (2006). The indissociable unity of psyche and soma. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 667680.Google Scholar
Aisenstein, M. (2008). Beyond the dualism of psyche and soma. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 36, 103123.Google Scholar
Aisenstein, M. (2010). The mysterious leap of the somatic into the psyche. In Aisenstein, M. and de Aisemberg, E. Rappoport (Eds.), Psychosomatics Today: A Psychoanalytic Perspective, pp. 4762. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Aisenstein, M. and Smadja, C. (2010a). Introduction to the paper by Pierre Marty: The narcissistic difficulties presented to the observer by the psychosomatic problem. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91, 343346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aisenstein, M. and Smadja, C. (2010b). Conceptual framework from the Paris Psychosomatic School: A clinical psychoanalytic approach to oncology. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91, 621640.Google Scholar
Alexander, F., French, T.M., and Pollock, G.H. (1968). Psychosomatic Specificity, vol. 1: Experimental Study and Results. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty‑item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross‑validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., and Parker, J.D.A. (1994). The Twenty‑item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 3340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balint, M. (1969). Trauma and object relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 50, 429435.Google Scholar
Bion, W. (1962). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Bion, W. (1967). Second Thoughts. New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Bion, W. (1977). Seven Servants. New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Birksted-Breen, D. (2016). Bi-ocularity, the functioning mind of the psychoanalyst. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 97, 2540.Google Scholar
Breuer, J. and Freud, S. (1893–1895). Studies on hysteria. In Strachey, J. (Ed. and Trans.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 2, pp. 3305. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1997a). Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1997b). Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17, 151172.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1998). Transformations of meanings in the analytic discourse: A strategy for research. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 6, 233260.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1999). Response to the comments of Bouchard and Lecours. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 7, 2329.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (2008). The role of bodily experience in emotional organization. New perspectives on the multiple code theory. In Anderson, F.S. (Ed.), Bodies in Treatment, pp. 5176. New York: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
Cassidy, K. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 228249.Google Scholar
Civitarese, G. (2013). The Violence of Emotions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza. Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.Google Scholar
de M’Uzan, M. (1974). Psychodynamic mechanisms in psychosomatic symptom formation. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 23, 103110.Google Scholar
Dorpat, T.L. (1985). Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.Google Scholar
Dupont, J. (1998). The concept of trauma according to Ferenczi and its effects on subsequent psychoanalytic research. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 7, 235240.Google Scholar
Eagle, M.N. (2011). From Classical to Contemporary Psychoanalysis. A Critique and Integration. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., et al. (2009). Childhood abuse and neglect as a risk factor for alexithymia in adult male substance dependent inpatients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41, 8592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fain, M. and Marty, P. (1964). Perspective psychosomatique sur la fonction des fantasmes. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 28, 609622.Google Scholar
Ferro, A. (2011). Avoiding Emotions, Living Emotions. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Bateman, A.W., and Luyten, P. (2012). Introduction and overview. In Bateman, A.W. and Fonagy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalization in Mental Health Practice, pp. 342. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., et al. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. and Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Developmental Psychopathology, 9, 679700.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1915a). Instincts and their vicissitudes. Standard Edition, 14, 117140. London: Hogarth Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1915b). Repression. Standard Edition, 23, 141158. London: Hogarth Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1938/1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. Standard Edition, 23, 144207. London: Hogarth Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, R.E. and Freyd, J.J. (2005). Awareness for emotional abuse. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 95123.Google Scholar
Graham, R. (1988). The concept of alexithymia in the light of the work of Bion. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 4, 364379.Google Scholar
Green, A. (2010). Thoughts on the Paris School of Psychosomatics. In Aisenstein, M. and de Aisemberg, E. Rappoport (Eds.), Psychosomatics Today: A Psychoanalytic Perspective, pp. 145. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Grotstein, J.S. (2007). A Beam of Intense Darkness. Wilfrid Bion’s Legacy to Psychoanalysis. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Guttman, H. and Laporte, L. (2002). Alexithymia, empathy, and psychological symptoms in a family context. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 448455.Google Scholar
Heimann, P. (1950). On counter-transference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 31, 8184.Google Scholar
Helmes, E., McNeill, P.D., Holden, R.R., et al. (2008). The construct of alexithymia: Associations with defense mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 318331.Google Scholar
Hogan, C.C. (1995). Psychosomatics, Psychoanalysis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Madison CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Horney, K. (1952). The paucity of inner experiences. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 12, 39.Google Scholar
Jeanson-Tzanck, C. (1993). Une intervention réorganisatrice dans la psychothérapie d’une vie opératoire [A reorganizing intervention in the psychotherapy of an operational life]. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 57, 135146.Google Scholar
Jurist, E. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22, 426444.Google Scholar
Karush, A. (1989). Instinct and affect. In Cooper, A.M., Kernberg, O.F., and Person, E.S. (Eds.), Psychoanalysis: Toward the Second Century, pp. 7690. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kelman, N. (1952). Clinical aspects of externalized living. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 12, 1523.Google Scholar
Klüver, H. and Bucy, P.C. (1937). Psychic blindness and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physiology, 119, 352353.Google Scholar
Knapp, P. (1983). Emotions and bodily changes: A reassessment. In Temoshok, L., Van Dyke, C., and Zegans, L.S. (Eds.), Emotions in Health and Illness. Theoretical and Research Foundations, pp. 1527. New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Kooiman, C.G., Raats, M.E., and Spinhoven, P. (2008). Alexithymia, negative feelings in the patient and pejorative feelings in the clinician. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 6162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kooiman, C.G., Spinhoven, P., Trijsburg, R.W., et al. (1998). Perceived parental attitude, alexithymia and defense style in psychiatric outpatients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 67, 8187.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1968). Massive Psychic Trauma. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1974). The genetic development of affects and affect regression. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 2, 98126.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1975). Affect tolerance. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 3, 179219.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1977). Aspects of affect theory. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 41, 126.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1979). Alexithymia and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 1731.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1982–83). Alexithymia and the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 9, 354378.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1988a). Integration and Self-healing. Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1988b). On some roots of creativity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11, 475497.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1997). Desomatization and the consequences of infantile psychic trauma. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17, 121150.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. and Raskin, H. (1970). Drug Dependence. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D. (2008). Neural substrates of implicit and explicit emotional processes: a unifying framework for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 214231.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D. and Schwartz, G. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133143.Google Scholar
Lecours, S. and Bouchard, M.C. (1997). Dimensions of mentalization: Outlining levels of psychic transformation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 78, 855875.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J.E. and Pine, D.S. (2016). Using neurosciences to help understand fear and anxiety: A two-system framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 10831093.Google Scholar
Lesser, I.M. (1981). A review of the alexithymia construct. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43, 531543.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Vermeulen, N., and Grynberg, D. (2013). L’Alexithymie. Comment le manque d’émotions peut affecter notre santé. Bruxelles: De Boeck.Google Scholar
Lumley, M.A., Gustavson, R., Partridge, T., et al. (2005). Assessing alexithymia and related emotional ability constructs using multiple methods: Interrelationships among measures. Emotion, 5, 329342.Google Scholar
Luquet, P. (1981). Le changement dans la mentalisation. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 45, 10231028.Google Scholar
MacLean, P.D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11, 338353.Google Scholar
Magnenat, L. (2016). Psychosomatic breast and alexithymic breast: A Bionian psychosomatic perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 97, 4163.Google Scholar
Margolin, S.G. (1954). Psychotherapeutic principles in psychosomatic practice. In Wittkower, E.D. and Cleghorn, R.A. (Eds.), Recent Developments in Psychosomatic Medicine, pp. 134153. London: Isaac Pitman.Google Scholar
Marty, P. (1952/2010). The narcissistic difficulties presented to the observer by the psychosomatic problem. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91, 347363.Google Scholar
Marty, P. (1968). A major process of somatization: The progressive disorganization. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 49, 246249.Google Scholar
Marty, P. (1991). Mentalisation et psychosomatique. Paris: Laboratoire Delagrange.Google Scholar
Marty, P. and Debray, R. (1989). Current concepts of character disturbance. In Cheren, S. (Ed.), Psychosomatic Medicine. Theory, Physiology, and Practice, vol. 1, pp. 159188. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Marty, P. and de M’Uzan, M. (1963). La “pensée opératoire”. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 27 (Suppl.), 13451356. English translation in D. Birksted-Breen, S. Flanders, and A. Gibeault (Eds.) (2010). Reading French Psychoanalysis, pp. 449–458. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McDougall, J. (1982). Alexithymia: A psychoanalytic viewpoint. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 38, 8190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougall, J. (1982–83). Alexithymia, psychosomatosis, and psychosis. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 9, 379388.Google Scholar
McDougall, J. (1989). Theaters of the Body. A Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosomatic Illness. London: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Lane, R.D., et al. (2006). Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: An fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. NeuroImage, 32, 14721482.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C. (1977). Alexithymia. Theoretical considerations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 199206.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C., Freyberger, H., and Sifneos, P.E. (1976). Alexithymia: A view of the psychosomatic process. In Hill, O.W. (Ed.), Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 430439. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C. and Sifneos, P.E. (1970a). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. In Hill, O.W. (Ed.), Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 2, pp. 2634. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C. and Sifneos, P.E. (1970b). Psychosomatic illness: A problem in communication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 18, 154160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paivio, S.C. and McCulloch, C.R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 339354.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (1998). Alexithymia: Relationship with ego defense and coping styles. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 9198.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2001). The relationship between emotional intelligence and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 107115.Google Scholar
Peláez, M.G. (2009). Trauma theory in Sándor Ferenczi’s writings of 1931 and 1932. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 12171233.Google Scholar
Pirlot, G. and Corcos, M. (2012). Understanding alexithymia within a psychoanalytical framework. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 93, 14031425.Google Scholar
Press, J. (2016). Metapsychological and clinical issues in psychosomatic research. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 97, 89113.Google Scholar
Rachman, A.W. (2007). Sándor Ferenczi’s contributions to the evolution of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24, 7496.Google Scholar
Ruesch, J. (1948). The infantile personality. The core problem of psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 10, 134144.Google Scholar
Sandler, J. (1972). The role of affects in psychoanalytic theory. In Physiology, Emotion and Psychosomatic Illness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 8, pp. 3246. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A. (2017). The developmental roots of dissociation: A multiple mediation analysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34, 96105.Google Scholar
Schur, M. (1955). Comments on the metapsychology of somatization. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 10, 110164.Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. (1987). Drives, affects, behavior – and learning: Approaches to a psychobiology of emotion and to an integration of psychoanalytic and neurobiologic thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35, 467506.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1964). Ascent from Chaos: A Psychosomatic Case Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1967). Clinical observations on some patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases. Acta Medica Psychosomatica, 7, 310.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255262.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1974). A reconsideration of psychodynamic mechanisms in psychosomatic symptom formation in view of recent clinical observations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 24, 151155.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1975). Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 26, 6570.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1977). Comments in panel- and plenum discussion: Psychotherapeutic problems with psychosomatic patients. In Brautigam, W. and von Rad, M. (Eds.), Toward a Theory of Psychosomatic Disorders. Alexithymia, Pensée Opératoire, Psychosomatisches Phänomen. Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Psychosomatic Research, pp. 361375. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1994). Affect deficit and alexithymia. New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 193195.Google Scholar
Smadja, C. (2005). The Psychosomatic Paradox. London: Free Association Press.Google Scholar
Smadja, C. (2010). The place of affect in the psychosomatic economy. In Aisenstein, M. and Rappoport de Aisemberg, E. (Eds.), Psychosomatics Today: A Psychoanalytic Perspective, pp. 145161. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2009). Alexithymia as related to facial imitation, mentalization, empathy, and internal models-of-self and-others. Neuropsychoanalysis, 11, 111128.Google Scholar
Stein, R. (1991). Psychoanalytic Theories of Affect. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (1977). Alexithymia and the counter-transference. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 141147.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (1984). Psychotherapy with the boring patient. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 217222.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (1987). Psychosomatic Medicine and Contemporary Psychoanalysis. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (2003). Somatization and conversion: Distinct or overlapping constructs. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 31, 487508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, G.J. and Bagby, R.M. (2013). Psychoanalysis and empirical research: The example of alexithymia. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 6, 99133.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Kushner, S.C., et al. (2014). Alexithymia and adult attachment representations: Associations with the five-factor model of personality and perceived relationship adjustment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 12581268.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (1991). The alexithymia construct: A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatics, 32, 153164.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (1997). Disorders of Affect Regulation. Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S.S. (1962). Affect/Imagery/Consciousness, vol. 1, The Positive Affects. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S.S. (1963). Affect/Imagery/Consciousness, vol. 2, The Negative Affects. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Troisi, A., D’Argenio, A., Peracchio, F., et al. (2001). Insecure attachment and alexithymia in young men with mood symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 311316.Google Scholar
Wolff, H.H. (1977). The contribution of the interview situation to the restriction of phantasy life and emotional experience in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 5867.Google Scholar

References

Acklin, M.W. (1992). Alexithymia, somatization, and the Rorschach response process. Rorschachiana, 17, 180187.Google Scholar
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association and National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Apfel, R.J. and Sifneos, P.E. (1979). Alexithymia: Concept and measurement. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 32, 180190.Google Scholar
Arimura, T., Komaki, G., Murakami, S., et al. (2002). Development of the structured interview by the modified edition of the Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Hospital Questionnaire (SIBIQ) in Japanese edition to evaluate alexithymia. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 42, 259269.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Ayearst, L.E., Morariu, R.A., et al. (2014). The internet administration version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychological Assessment, 26, 1622.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994a). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Quilty, L.C., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 413418.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M. and Taylor, G.J. (1997). Measurement and validation of the alexithymia construct. In Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (Eds.), Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness, pp. 4666. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., and Parker, J.D.A. (1994b). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 3340.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., et al. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 2539.Google Scholar
Becerra, R., Preece, D., Campietelli, G., and Scott-Pillow, G. (2017). The assessment of emotional reactivity across negative and positive emotions. Development and validation of the Perth emotional reactivity scale (PERS). Assessment. doi: 1073191117694455.Google Scholar
Bekker, M.H., Bachrach, N., and Croon, M. (2007). The relationship of antisocial behavior with attachment styles, autonomy-connectedness, and alexithymia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 507527.Google Scholar
Beresnevaité, M., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2007). Assessing alexithymia and type A behavior in coronary heart disease patients: A multimethod approach. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 186192.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Clayton, K., Liberova, A., et al. (2007). A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 11251136.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Oosterveld, P., and Vorst, H.C. (2015). Measures of alexithymia. In Boyle, G.J., Saklofske, D.H., and Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, pp. 227256. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Vorst, H., and Moormann, P.P. (2006). Cognitive neuropsychology of alexithymia: Implications for personality typology. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 332360.Google Scholar
Berthoz, S. and Hill, E.L. (2005). The validity of using self-reports to assess emotion regulation abilities in adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Psychiatry, 20, 291298.Google Scholar
Berthoz, S., Perdereau, F., Godart, G., et al. (2007). Observer- and self-rated alexithymia in eating disorder patients: Levels and correspondence among three measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 341347.Google Scholar
Besharat, M.A. (2007). Reliability and factorial validity of a Farsi version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological Reports, 101, 209220.Google Scholar
Besharat, M.A. (2008). Assessing reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a sample of substance-using patients. Psychological Reports, 102, 259270.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1961/1978). The Q-sort Method in Personality Assessment and Psychiatric Research (Reprint edition). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist’s Press.Google Scholar
Caretti, V., Porcelli, P., Solano, L., et al. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia in a mixed clinical and nonclinical sample from Italy. Psychiatry Research, 187, 432436.Google Scholar
Clark, L.A. and Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309319.Google Scholar
Coolidge, F.L., Estey, A.J., Segal, D.L., et al. (2013). Are alexithymia and schizoid personality disorder synonymous diagnoses? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 141148.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L.J. and Meehl, P.E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281302.Google Scholar
Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Haviland, M.G., et al. (2008). Multimethod alexithymia assessment in adolescents and young adults with cannabis use disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 585592.Google Scholar
El Abiddine, F.Z., Dave, H., Aldhafri, S., et al. (2017). Cross-validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Results from an Arabic multi-center study. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 219222.Google Scholar
Erni, T., Lötscher, K., and Modestin, J. (1997). Two-factor solution of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale confirmed. Psychopathology, 30, 335340.Google Scholar
Exner, J.E. (2002). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. Vol. 1. Basic Foundations and Principles of Interpretation, 4th edition. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fava, G.A., Freyberger, H.J., Bech, P., et al. (1995). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychosomatic research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 63, 18.Google Scholar
Fernández-Jiménez, E., Pérez-San-Gregorio, M.Á., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2013). Psychometric properties of a Revised Spanish 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale adaptation in multiple sclerosis patients. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 226234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukunishi, I., Hosaka, T., Aoki, T., et al. (1996). Criterion-related validity of diagnostic criteria for alexithymia in a general hospital psychiatric setting. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65, 8285.Google Scholar
Fukunishi, I., Nakagawa, T., Nakamura, H., et al. (1997). Is alexithymia a culture-bound construct? Validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 80, 787799.Google Scholar
Goerlich, K.S., Aleman, A., and Martens, S. (2012). The sound of feelings: Electrophysiological responses to emotional speech in alexithymia. PLoS One, 7, 114.Google Scholar
Grabe, H.J., Löbel, S., Dittrich, D., et al. (2009). The German version of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity in a psychiatric patient sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 424430.Google Scholar
Gülec, H., Kose, S., Gülec, M.Y., et al. (2009). The Turkish version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20): Reliability, validity, and factorial structure. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 214220.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G. (1998). The validity of the California Q-set alexithymia prototype. Psychosomatics, 39, 536539.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G. and Reise, S.P. (1996a). A California Q-set alexithymia prototype and its relationship to ego-control and ego-resiliency. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6, 597608.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G. and Reise, S.P. (1996b). Structure of the Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 116125.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G., Warren, W.L., and Riggs, M.L. (2000). An observer scale to measure alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 41, 385392.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G., Warren, W.L., Riggs, M.L., et al. (2001). Psychometric properties of the observer alexithymia scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 176186.Google Scholar
Haviland, M.G., Warren, W.L., Riggs, M.L., et al. (2002). Concurrent validity of two observer-rated alexithymia measures. Psychosomatics, 43, 472477.Google Scholar
Hiirola, A., Pirkola, S., Karukivi, M., et al. (2017). An evaluation of the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia over 11 years in a Finnish general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 95, 8187.Google Scholar
Hogan, R. and Nicholson, R.A. (1988). The meaning of personality test scores. American Psychologist, 43, 621626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsveld, R.H.J. and Kraaimaat, F.W. (2012). Alexithymia in Dutch violent forensic psychiatric outpatients. Psychology, Crime & Law, 18, 833846.Google Scholar
Inslegers, R., Meganck, R., Ooms, E., et al. (2013). The Dutch language version of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Reliability, factor structure and concurrent validity. Psychologica Belgica, 53, 93116.Google Scholar
Kashimura, M., Ogawa, T., Vorst, H.C.M., et al. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire in Japanese. Japanese Psychological Research, 53, 302311.Google Scholar
Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., et al. (2015). Measurement equivalence of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia across language, gender, and clinical status. Psychiatry Research, 228, 760764.Google Scholar
Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D., et al. (2017). Taxometric analysis of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Further evidence that alexithymia is a dimensional construct. Assessment. Online release March 27, 2017. doi: 10.1177/1073191117698220Google Scholar
Kishton, J. and Widaman, K. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 757765.Google Scholar
Koch, A.S., Kleiman, A., Wegener, I., et al. (2015). Factorial structure of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a large sample of somatoform patients. Psychiatry Research, 225, 355363.Google Scholar
Kojima, M., Frasure-Smith, N., and Lespérance, F. (2001). Alexithymia following myocardial infarction: Psychometric properties and correlates of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 487495.Google Scholar
Landis, J.R. and Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159174.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E., et al. (1997). Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight? Biological Psychiatry, 42, 834844.Google Scholar
Ling, Y., Zeng, Y., Yuan, H., et al. (2016). Cross-cultural validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23, 179187.Google Scholar
Loas, G., Otmani, O., Fremaux, D., et al. (1996). Étude de la validité externe, de la fidélité et détermination des notes seuils des échelles d’alexithymie de toronto (TAS et TAS-20) chez un groupe de malades alcooliques. L’Encéphale: Revue de Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Thérapeutique, 22, 3540.Google Scholar
Loas, G., Otmani, O., Verrier, A., et al. (1996). Factor analysis of the French version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Psychopathology, 29, 139144.Google Scholar
Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635694.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Bagby, R.M., and Taylor, G.J. (2001). An evaluation of the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia in patients with major depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 254260.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Rimé, B., Bagby, R., et al. (2004). A multimodal investigation of emotional responding in alexithymia. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 741766.Google Scholar
Lumley, M.A., Gustavson, B.J., Partridge, R.T., et al. (2005). Assessing alexithymia and related emotional ability constructs using multiple methods: Interrelationships among measures. Emotion, 5, 329342.Google Scholar
Lumley, M.A., Neely, L.C., and Burger, A.J. (2007). The assessment of alexithymia in medical settings: Applications for understanding and treating health problems. Personality Assessment, 89, 230246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Sánchez, F. (1996). Adaptación española de la escala de alexitimia de toronto (TAS-20). Clínica y Salud, 7, 1932.Google Scholar
Mattila, A.K., Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2010). Taxometric analysis of alexithymia in a general population sample from Finland. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 216221.Google Scholar
Meganck, R., Inslegers, R., Vanheule, S., et al. (2011). The convergence of alexithymia measures. Psychologica Belgica, 51, 237250.Google Scholar
Meganck, R., Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., et al. (2010). The Observer Alexithymia Scale: A reliable and valid alternative for alexithymia measurement? Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 175185.Google Scholar
Meyer, G.J., Hilsenroth, M.J., Baxter, D., et al. (2002). An examination of interrater reliability for scoring the Rorschach Comprehensive System in eight data sets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 219274.Google Scholar
Mihura, J.L., Meyer, G.J., Dumitrascu, N., et al. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the Comprehensive System. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 548605.Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M. and Luminet, O. (2006). Is alexithymia a stable trait related to emotional regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 13991408.Google Scholar
Morariu, R.A., Ayearst, L.E., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2013). Development and validation of a Romanian adaptation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20-RO). Romanian Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 155159.Google Scholar
Morera, O.F., Culhane, S.E., Watson, P.J., et al. (2005). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire among U.S. Anglo and U.S. Hispanic samples. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 85, 289298.Google Scholar
Mueller, J., Alpers, G.W., and Reim, N. (2006). Dissociation of rated emotional valence and Stroop interference in observer-rated alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 261269.Google Scholar
Müller, J., Bühner, M., and Ellgring, H. (2003). Is there a reliable factorial structure in the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale? A comparison of factor models in clinical and normal adult samples. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 561568.Google Scholar
Müller, J., Bühner, M., and Ellgring, H. (2004). The assessment of alexithymia: Psychometric properties and validity of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 373391.Google Scholar
Netemeyer, R.G., Bearden, W.O., and Sharma, S. (2004). Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Noyes, J.M. and Garland, K.L. (2008). Computer- vs paper-based tasks: Are they equivalent? Ergonomics, 51, 13521375.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Keefer, K.V., Taylor, GJ., et al. (2008). Latent structure of the alexithymia construct: A taxometric investigation. Psychological Assessment, 20, 385396.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 269275.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. (2004). Psychosomatic Medicine and the Rorschach Test. Madrid: Psimatica.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and De Carne, M. (2001). Criterion-related validity of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research for alexithymia in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 184188.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Guidi, J. (2015). The clinical utility of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research: A review of studies. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84, 265272.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Kleiger, J.H. (2016). The “feeling of movement”: Notes on the Rorschach human movement response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 124134.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Meyer, G.J. (2002). Construct validity of Rorschach variables of alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 43, 360369.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Mihura, J.L. (2010). Assessment of alexithymia with the Rorschach Comprehensive System: The Rorschach Alexithymia Scale (RAS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 128136.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Rafanelli, C. (2010). Criteria for psychosomatic research (DCPR) in the medical setting. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 246354.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P. and Todarello, O. (2012). Psychological factors in medical disorders assessed with the diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research. In Fava, G.A., Sonino, N., and Wise, T.N. (Eds.), The Psychosomatic Assessment. Strategies to Improve Clinical Practice: Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, pp. 108117. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Preece, D., Becerra, R., Allan, A., et al. (2017). Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 341352.Google Scholar
Reise, S.P., Bonifay, W.E., and Haviland, M.G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 129140.Google Scholar
Richards, H.L., Fortune, D.G., Griffiths, C.E., et al. (2005). Alexithymia in patients with psoriasis: Clinical correlates and psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 8996.Google Scholar
Rorschach, H. (1921). Psychodiagnostik. Bern: Bircher.Google Scholar
Säkkinen, P., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Ranta, K., et al. (2007). Psychometric properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics, 48, 154161.Google Scholar
Sauvage, L., Berthoz, S., Deborde, A.S., et al. (2005). Validité du questionnaire d’alexithymie de Bermond et Vorst. Etude chez 63 sujets alcooliques. Annales Médico Psychologiques, 163, 583587.Google Scholar
Sekely, A.S., Taylor, G., and Bagby, R.M. (2018). Developing a short version of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia using item response theory. Psychiatry Research. Online release, March 2018. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.002Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 250262.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. and Bagby, R.M. (1988). Measurement of alexithymia: Recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11, 351366.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. and Bagby, R.M. (2012). The alexithymia personality dimension. In Widiger, T.A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders, pp. 648673. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Luminet, O. (2000). Assessment of alexithymia: Self-report and observer-rated measures. In Parker, J.D.A. and Bar-On, R. (Eds.), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, pp. 301319. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (1992). The Revised Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Some reliability, validity, and normative data. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57, 3441.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (1997). Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 277283.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., and Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191199.Google Scholar
Thorberg, F.A., Young, R., Sullivan, K., et al. (2010). A psychometric comparison of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS) in an alcohol-dependent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 119123.Google Scholar
Thorberg, F.A., Young, R.M., Sullivan, K.A., et al. (2013). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Observer Alexithymia Scale in treatment seeking alcohol-dependent patients. Journal of Substance Use, 18, 492498.Google Scholar
Tibon, S., Weinberger, Y., Handelzalts, J.E., et al. (2005). Construct validation of the Rorschach Reality-Fantasy Scale in alexithymia. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22, 508523.Google Scholar
Tsaousis, I., Taylor, G., Quilty, L., et al. (2010). Validation of a Greek adaptation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 443448.Google Scholar
Vorst, H.C.M. and Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413434.Google Scholar
Watters, C.A., Taylor, G.J., Ayearst, L.E., et al. (2016). Measurement invariance of English and French language versions of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Online release, November 7, 2016. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000365Google Scholar
Watters, C.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2015). Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychological Assessment, 28, 627638.Google Scholar
Weiner, I. (2003). Principles of Rorschach Interpretation, 2nd edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Yao, S., Yi, J., Zhu, X., et al. (2005). Reliability and factor validity of the Observer Alexithymia Scale – Chinese translation. Psychiatric Research, 134, 93100.Google Scholar
Zhu, X., Yi, J., Yao, S., et al. (2007). Cross-cultural validation of a Chinese translation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 489496.Google Scholar

References

Apfel, R.J. and Sifneos, P.E. (1979). Alexithymia: Concept and measurement. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 32, 180190.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., et al. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 2539.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Quilty, L.C., et al. (2007). Reexamining the factor structure of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Commentary on Gignac. Journal of Personality and Assessment, 89, 258264.Google Scholar
Barrett, L.F. (2004). Feelings or words? Understanding the content in self-report ratings of experienced emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 266281.Google Scholar
Barrett, L.F. (2009). Variety is the spice of life: A psychological construction approach to understanding variability in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 12841306.Google Scholar
Barrett, L.F. and Bliss-Moreau, E. (2009). Affect as a psychological primitive. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 167218.Google Scholar
Barrett, L.F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K.N., et al. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373403.Google Scholar
Besharat, M.A. (2007). Reliability and factorial validity of a Farsi version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological Reports, 101, 209220.Google Scholar
Betancourt, H. and López, S.R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629637.Google Scholar
Boiger, M. and Mesquita, B. (2012). The construction of emotion in interactions, relationships, and cultures. Emotion Review, 4, 221229.Google Scholar
Borens, R., Grosse-Schulte, E., Jaensch, W., et al. (1977). Is “Alexithymia” but a social phenomenon? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 193198.Google Scholar
Bressi, C., Taylor, G., Parker, J., et al. (1996). Cross validation of the factor structure of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: An Italian multi-center study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 551559.Google Scholar
Brosig, B., Kupfer, J.P., Wolfelschneider, M., et al. (2004). Prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of alexithymia in Germany – results of a representative survey. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Psychologie Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, 52, 237251.Google Scholar
Bylsma, L.M., Morris, B.H., and Rottenberg, J. (2008). A meta-analysis of emotional reactivity in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 676691.Google Scholar
Caretti, V., Porcelli, P., Solano, L., et al. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia in a mixed clinical and nonclinical sample from Italy. Psychiatry Research, 187, 432436.Google Scholar
Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E., Chu, J.P., Tsai, J.L., et al. (2007). Depression and emotional reactivity: Variation among Asian Americans of East Asian descent and European Americans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 776785.Google Scholar
Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E. and Tsai, J.L. (2010). Self-focused attention and emotional reactivity: The role of culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 507519.Google Scholar
Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E., Tsai, J.L., and Gotlib, I.H. (2010). Further evidence for the cultural norm hypothesis: Positive emotion in depressed and control European American and Asian American women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 284295.Google Scholar
Cheung, F.M. and Lau, B.W. (1982). Situational variations of help-seeking behavior among Chinese patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 252262.Google Scholar
Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143164.Google Scholar
Craig, T.K. and Boardman, A.P. (1990). Somatization in primary care settings. In Bass, C.M. (Ed.), Physical Symptoms and Psychological Illness, pp. 73103. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
De Leersnyder, J., Boiger, M., and Mesquita, B. (2013). Cultural regulation of emotion: Individual, relational, and structural sources. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 55.Google Scholar
De Leersnyder, J., Mesquita, B., and Kim, H.S. (2011). Where do my emotions belong? A study of immigrants’ emotional acculturation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 451463.Google Scholar
Dere, J., Falk, C.F., and Ryder, A.G. (2012). Unpacking cultural differences in alexithymia: The role of cultural values among Euro-Canadian and Chinese-Canadian students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 12971312.Google Scholar
Dere, J., Tang, Q., Zhu, X., et al. (2013). The cultural shaping of alexithymia: Values and externally oriented thinking in a Chinese clinical sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 362368.Google Scholar
Dion, K.L. (1996). Ethnolinguistic correlates of alexithymia: Toward a cultural perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 531539.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of emotion. In Ekman, P. (Ed.), Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review, pp. 169222. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
El Abiddine, F., Dave, H., Aldhafri, S., et al. (2017). Cross-validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Results from an Arabic multi-center study. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 219222.Google Scholar
Franz, M., Popp, K., Schaefer, R., et al. (2008). Alexithymia in the German general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 5462.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1976). The Religion of Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ghayas, S., Niazi, S., Ghazal, M., et al. (2017). Urdu translation and validation of Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 43, 114122.Google Scholar
Gignac, G.E., Palmer, B.R., and Stough, C. (2007). A confirmatory factor analytic investigation of the TAS-20: Corroboration of a five-factor model and suggestions for improvement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 247257.Google Scholar
Guleç, H., Köse, S., Guleç, M.Y., et al. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 214220.Google Scholar
Halberstadt, J. (2005). Featural shift in explanation-biased memory for emotional faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 3849.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S.J., and Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 29, 466.Google Scholar
Hiirola, A., Pirkola, S., Karukivi, M., et al. (2017). An evaluation of the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia over 11 years in a Finnish general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 95, 8187.Google Scholar
Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Tanskanen, A., et al. (2000). Depression is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 99104.Google Scholar
Honkalampi, K., Tolmunen, T., Hintikka, J., et al. (2009). The prevalence of alexithymia and its relationship with Youth Self-Report problem scales among Finnish adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 263268.Google Scholar
Horwitz, E., Lennartsson, A.-K., Theorell, T.P.G., et al. (2015). Engagement in dance is associated with emotional competence in interplay with others. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1096.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, M.M., Zachariae, R., Skytthe, A., et al. (2007). Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: A population-based study of 8,785 Danish twin pairs. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 369375.Google Scholar
Joukamaa, M., Saarijarvi, S., Muuriaisniemi, M.L., et al. (1996). Alexithymia in a normal elderly population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 144147.Google Scholar
Joukamaa, M., Taanila, A., Miettunen, J., et al. (2007). Epidemiology of alexithymia among adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 373376.Google Scholar
Karukivi, M., Hautala, L., Kaleva, O., et al. (2010). Alexithymia is associated with anxiety among adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125, 383387.Google Scholar
Karukivi, M., Joukamaa, M., Hautala, L., et al. (2011). Does perceived social support and parental attitude relate to alexithymia? A study in Finnish late adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 187, 254260.Google Scholar
Karukivi, M., Jula, A., Hutri-Kähönen, N., et al. (2015). Is alexithymia associated with metabolic syndrome? A study in a healthy adult population. Psychiatry Research, 236, 5863.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L.J. (1987). Languages of suffering and healing: Alexithymia as a social and cultural process. Transcultural Psychiatry, 24, 119136.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L.J. (2006). Beyond the “new cross-cultural psychiatry”: Cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 126144.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1982). Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 6, 117190.Google Scholar
Kokkonen, P., Karvonen, J.T., Veijola, J., et al. (2001). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia in a population sample of young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 471476.Google Scholar
Komaki, G., Maeda, M., Arimura, T., et al. (2003). The reliability and factorial validity of the Japanese version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexythmia Scale (TAS-20). Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 43, 839846.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Sechrest, L., and Riedel, R. (1998). Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 377385.Google Scholar
Látalová, V. and Pilárik, Ľ. (2015). The evaluation of the reliability and the factor validity of the Slovak version of the questionnaire Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) on the sample of Slovak female students. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 59, 369379.Google Scholar
Le, H.N., Berenbaum, H., and Raghavan, C. (2002). Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates, and the role of parental socialization of emotions. Emotion, 2, 341360.Google Scholar
Leff, J. (1977). The cross-cultural study of emotions. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 317350.Google Scholar
Leff, J. and Vaughn, C. (1981). The role of maintenance therapy and relatives’ expressed emotion in relapse of schizophrenia: A two-year follow up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 102104.Google Scholar
Lesser, I.M. (1981). A review of the alexithymia concept. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43, 531543.Google Scholar
Levant, R.F., Hall, R.J., Williams, C.M., et al. (2009). Gender differences in alexithymia. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 190203.Google Scholar
Lindquist, K.A., Barrett, L.F., Bliss-Moreau, E., et al. (2006). Language and the perception of emotion. Emotion, 6, 125138.Google Scholar
Ling, Y., Zeng, Y., Yuan, H., et al. (2016). Cross-cultural validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23, 179187.Google Scholar
Lo, C. (2014). Cultural values and alexithymia. SAGE Open, 4 (4).Google Scholar
Loiselle, C.G. and Cossette, S. (2001). Cross-cultural validation of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) in US and Peruvian populations. Transcultural Psychiatry, 38, 348362.Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1990). Morality, domination and understandings of “justifiable anger” among the Ifaluk. In Semin, G.R. and Gergen, K.J. (Eds.), Everyday Understanding: Social and Scientific Implications, pp. 204206. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Mattila, A. (2009). Alexithymia in Finnish General Population. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.Google Scholar
Mattila, A.K., Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2010). Taxometric analysis of alexithymia in a general population sample from Finland. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 216221.Google Scholar
Mattila, A.K., Salminen, J.K., Nummi, T., et al. (2006). Age is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 629635.Google Scholar
Meganck, R., Vanheule, S., and Desmet, M. (2008). Factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 15, 3647.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Maeda, M., Igarashi, T., et al. (2007). Age and gender effect on alexithymia in large Japanese community and clinical samples: A cross-validation study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1, 7.Google Scholar
Müller, J., Bühner, M., and Ellgring, H. (2003). Is there a reliable factorial structure in the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale? A comparison of factor models in clinical and normal adult samples. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 561568.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C. and Sifneos, P.E. (1970). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. In Hill, O.W. (Ed.), Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 2, pp. 2634. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Nishimura, H., Komaki, G., Igarashi, T., et al. (2009). Validity issues in the assessment of alexithymia related to the developmental stages of emotional cognition and language. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 3, 12.Google Scholar
Norenzayan, A. and Heine, S.J. (2005). Psychological universals: What are they and how can we know? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 763784.Google Scholar
Onor, M., Trevisiol, M., Spano, M., et al. (2010). Alexithymia and aging: A neuropsychological perspective. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 891895.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paradiso, S., Vaidya, J.G., McCormick, L.M., et al. (2008). Aging and alexithymia: Association with reduced right rostral cingulate volume. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 760769.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Cheah, Y.C., and Roy, K. (2001). Do the Chinese somatize depression? A cross-cultural study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 287293.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Eastabrook, J.M., Keefer, K.V., et al. (2010). Can alexithymia be assessed in adolescents? Psychometric properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in younger, middle, and older adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 22, 798808.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Shaughnessy, P.A., Wood, L.M., et al. (2005). Cross-cultural alexithymia: Validity of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in North American aboriginal populations. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 8388.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (1989). The alexithymia construct: Relationship with sociodemographic variables and intelligence. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 434441.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2003). The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 269275.Google Scholar
Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., Gigantesco, A., et al. (2011). Genetic influences on alexithymia and their relationship with depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 256263.Google Scholar
Pinaquy, S. and Chabrol, H. (2002). Factorial analysis and internal consistency of the French version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20) in obese women. Encephale, 28, 277282.Google Scholar
Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., and Terwogt, M.M. (2006). An alexithymia questionnaire for children: Factorial and concurrent validation results. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 123133.Google Scholar
Roberson, D., Damjanovic, L., and Pilling, M. (2007). Categorical perception of facial expressions: Evidence for a “category adjustment” model. Memory & Cognition, 35, 18141829.Google Scholar
Rolyat, J.G. (1980). Somatotherapy with the garrulous patient. [Fictional manuscript].Google Scholar
Ryder, A.G., Ban, L.M., and Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E. (2011). Towards a cultural-clinical psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 960975.Google Scholar
Ryder, A.G. and Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E. (2012). Depression in cultural context: “Chinese somatization,” revisited. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35, 1536.Google Scholar
Ryder, A.G., Yang, J., Zhu, X., et al. (2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 300313.Google Scholar
Säkkinen, P., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Ranta, K., et al. (2007). Psychometric properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics, 48, 154161.Google Scholar
Salminen, J.K., Saarijärvi, S., Äärelä, E., et al. (1999). Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with sociodemographic variables in the general population of Finland. Journal of Psychsomatic Research, 46, 7582.Google Scholar
Santorelli, G.D. and Ready, R.E. (2015). Alexithymia and executive function in younger and older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29, 938955.Google Scholar
Seo, S.S., Chung, U.S., Hyo, D.R., et al. (2009). Reliability and validity of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in Korean adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation, 6, 173179.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. (1991). Cultural psychology: What is it? In Shweder, R. (Ed.), Thinking through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology, pp. 73110. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255262.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E., Apfel-Savitz, R., and Frankel, F.H. (1977). The phenomenon of “alexithymia”. Observations in neurotic and psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 4757.Google Scholar
Simon, G.E., VonKorff, M., Piccinelli, M., et al. (1999). An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 13291335.Google Scholar
Sun, J. and Ryder, A.G. (2016). The Chinese experience of rapid modernization: Sociocultural changes, psychological consequences? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 477.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (2003). The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 277283.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Ryan, D.P., et al. (1988). Criterion validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 50, 500509.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., and Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191199.Google Scholar
Trajanović, N.N., Djuric, V., Latas, M., et al. (2013). Serbian translation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Psychometric properties and the new methodological approach in translating scales. Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 141, 366370.Google Scholar
Tsaousis, I., Taylor, G., Quilty, L., et al. (2010). Validation of a Greek adaptation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 443448.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. and Campbell, K. (2009). The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. New York: Atria Paperback.Google Scholar
Valsiner, J. (1989). On the glory and misery of sociobiological perspectives on human development: A selfish book review. Developmental Psychobiology, 22, 413417.Google Scholar
Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino, G.J., et al. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA, 276, 293299.Google Scholar
Yen, S., Robins, C.J., and Lin, N. (2000). A cross-cultural comparison of depressive symptom manifestation: China and the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 993999.Google Scholar
Zhu, X., Yi, J., Yao, S., et al. (2007). Cross-cultural validation of a Chinese translation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 489496.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, G., Quartier, V., Bernard, M., et al. (2007). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Structural validity, internal consistency and prevalence of alexithymia in a Swiss adolescent sample. Encephale, 33, 941946.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×