Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T23:42:30.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 13 - Stroke due to air and fat embolism

from Section III - Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: other causes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2016

Alexander Tsiskaridze
Affiliation:
Sarajishvili Institute of Neurology, Tblisi State University, Georgia
Arne Lindgren
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lund, Sweden
Adnan I. Qureshi
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Treatment-Related Stroke
Including Iatrogenic and In-Hospital Strokes
, pp. 130 - 143
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Scott, A A, Welsh, R P. Fat embolism: A rational approach to treatment. Can Med Assoc J. 1973; 109(9):867–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Talbot, M, Schemitsch, E H. Fat embolism syndrome: History, definition, epidemiology. Injury. 2006; 37(Suppl 4):S3S7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klingele, K, Bhalla, T, Sawardekar, A, Tobias, J D. Postoperative hypoxemia due to fat embolism. Saudi J Anaesth. 2011; 5(3):332–4.Google Scholar
Weisz, G M, Barzilai, A. Fat embolism: Physiopathology, diagnosis with management. Arch Orthop Unfall-Chir. 1975; 82(3):217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habashi, N M, Andrews, P L, Scalea, T M. Therapeutic aspects of fat embolism syndrome. Injury. 2006; 37(Suppl 4):S68S73.Google Scholar
Fulde, G W, Harrison, P. Fat embolism: A review. Arch Emerg Med. 1991; 8(4):233–9.Google Scholar
Christie, J, Robinson, C M, Pell, A C, McBirnie, J, Burnett, R. Transcardiac echocardiography during invasive intramedullary procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995; 77(3):450–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Gurd, A R, Wilson, R I. The fat embolism syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974; 56B(3):408–16.Google Scholar
Allardyce, D B, Meek, R N, Woodruff, B, Cassim, M M, Ellis, D. Increasing our knowledge of the pathogenesis of fat embolism: A prospective study of 43 patients with fractured femoral shafts. J Trauma. 1974; 14(11):955–62.Google Scholar
Bulger, E M, Smith, D G, Maier, R V, Jurkovich, G J. Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg. 1997; 132(4):435–9.Google Scholar
Fabian, T C, Hoots, A V, Stanford, D S, Patterson, C R, Mangiante, E C. Fat embolism syndrome: Prospective evaluation in 92 fracture patients. Crit Care Med. 1990; 18(1):42–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robert, J H, Hoffmeyer, P, Broquet, P E, Cerutti, P, Vasey, H. Fat embolism syndrome. Orthop Rev. 1993; 22(5):567–71.Google Scholar
Pinney, S J, Keating, J F, Meek, R N. Fat embolism syndrome in isolated femoral fractures: Does timing of nailing influence incidence? Injury. 1998; 29(2):131–3.Google Scholar
Campo-López, C, Flors-Villaverde, P, Calabuig-Alborch, J R. Fat embolism syndrome after bone fractures. Rev Clin Esp. 2012; 212(10):482–7.Google Scholar
Tsai, I T, Hsu, C J, Chen, Y H, et al. Fat embolism syndrome in long bone fracture–clinical experience in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc. 2010; 73(8):407–10.Google Scholar
Talucci, R C, Manning, J, Lampard, S, Bach, A, Carrico, C J. Early intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: A cause of fat embolism syndrome. Am J Surg. 1983; 146(1):107–11.Google Scholar
Bone, L B, Johnson, K D, Weigelt, J, Scheinberg, R. Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures. A prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989; 71(3):336–40.Google Scholar
Findlay, J M, DeMajo, W. Cerebral fat embolism. Can Med Assoc J. 1984; 131(7):755–7.Google Scholar
Taviloglu, K, Yanar, H. Fat embolism syndrome. Surg Today. 2007; 37(1):58.Google Scholar
Duja, C M, Berna, C, Kremer, S, et al. Confusion after spine injury: Cerebral fat embolism after traumatic rupture of a Tarlov cyst: Case report. BMC Emerg Med. 2010; 10:18.Google Scholar
Powers, K A, Talbot, L A. Case report: Fat embolism syndrome after femur fracture with intramedullary nailing. Am J Crit Care. 2011; 20:264–6.Google Scholar
Thienpont, E, Kaddar, S, Morrison, S. Paradoxical fat embolism after uncemented total hip arthroplasty: A case report. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007; 73(3):418–20.Google Scholar
Sasano, N, Ishida, S, Tetsu, S, et al. Cerebral fat embolism diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging at one, eight, and 50 days after hip arthroplasty: A case report. Can J Anaesth. 2004; 51(9):875987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Merchan, E C, Comin-Gomez, J A, Martinez-Chacon, J L. Cerebral embolism during revision arthroplasty of the hip. Acta Orthop Belg. 1995; 61(4):319–22.Google Scholar
Ammon, J T, Khalily, C, Lester, D K. Fatal cerebral emboli in the absence of a cardiac arterial-venous shunt: Case report. J Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(3):477–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, R N, Kim, J H, Lee, H, et al. Cerebral fat embolism after bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty: A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010; 59 Suppl:S207S210.Google Scholar
Jenkins, K, Chung, F, Wennberg, R, Etchells, E E, Davey, R. Fat embolism syndrome and elective knee arthroplasty. Can J Anaesth. 2002; 49(1):1924.Google Scholar
Lee, S C, Yoon, J Y, Nam, C H, et al. Cerebral fat embolism syndrome after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: A case series. J Arthroplasty. 2012; 27(3):409–14.Google Scholar
Ghatak, N R, Sinnenberg, R J, deBlois, G G. Cerebral fat embolism following cardiac surgery. Stroke. 1983; 14(4):619–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, H D, Zheng, J H, Deng, C L, Liu, Q Y, Yang, S L. Fat embolism syndromes following liposuction. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008; 32(5):731–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laub, D R Jr. Fat embolism syndrome after liposuction: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg. 1990; 25(1):4852.Google Scholar
Richards, R R. Fat embolism syndrome. Can J Surg. 1997; 40(5):334–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Mossa-Basha, M, Izbudak, I, Gurda, G T, Aygun, N. Cerebral fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell anaemia/β-thalassemia: Importance of susceptibility-weighted MRI. Clin Radiol. 2012; 67(10):1023–6.Google Scholar
Barson, A J, Chistwick, M L, Doig, C M. Fat embolism in infancy after intravenous fat infusions. Arch Dis Child. 1978; 53(3):218–23.Google Scholar
Bhalla, A, Sachdev, A, Lehl, S S, Singh, R, D’Cruz, S. Cerebral fat embolism as a rare possible complication of traumatic pancreatitis. JOP. 2003; 4(4):155–7.Google Scholar
Guardia, S N, Bilbao, J M, Murray, D, Warren, R E, Sweet, J. Fat embolism in acute pancreatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989; 113:503–6.Google Scholar
Dang, N C, Johnson, C, Eslami-Farsani, M, Haywood, L J. Bone marrow embolism in sickle cell disease: A review. Am J Hematol. 2005; 79(1):61–7.Google Scholar
Desselle, B C, O’Brien, T, Bugnitz, M, et al. Fatal fat embolism in a patient with sickle-beta+ thalassemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1995; 12(2):159–62.Google Scholar
ten Duis, H J. The fat embolism syndrome. Injury. 1997; 28(2):7785.Google Scholar
Cox, G, Tzioupis, C, Calori, G M, et al. Cerebral fat emboli: A trigger of post-operative delirium. Injury. 2011; 42(S4):S6S10.Google Scholar
Etchells, E E, Wong, D T, Davidson, G, Houston, P L. Fatal cerebral fat embolism associated with a patent foramen ovale. Chest. 1993; 104(3):962–3.Google Scholar
Gossling, H R, Pellegrini, V D Jr. Fat embolism syndrome: A review of the pathophysiology and physiological basis of treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982; 165:6882.Google Scholar
Butteriss, D J, Mahad, D, Soh, C, et al. Reversible cytotoxic cerebral edema in cerebral fat embolism. Am J Neuroradiol. 2006; 27(3):620–3.Google Scholar
Parisi, D M, Koval, K, Egol, K. Fat embolism syndrome. Am J Orthop. 2002; 31(9):507–12.Google Scholar
Adams, C B. The retinal manifestations of fat embolism. Injury. 1971; 2(3):221–4.Google Scholar
Murray, D G, Racz, G B. Fat embolism syndrome (respiratory insufficiency syndrome). A rationale for treatment. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974; 56(7):1338–49.Google Scholar
Koch, S, Forteza, A, Lavernia, C, et al. Cerebral fat microembolism and cognitive decline after hip and knee replacement. Stroke. 2007; 38(3):1079–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sulek, C A, Davies, L K, Enneking, F K, Gearen, P A, Lobato, E B. Cerebral microembolism diagnosed by transcranial Doppler during total knee arthroplasty: Correlation with transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1999; 91(3):672–6.Google Scholar
Van Besouw, J P, Hinds, C J. Fat embolism syndrome. Br J Hosp Med. 1989; 42(4):304–6.Google Scholar
Finlay, M E, Benson, M D. Case report: Magnetic resonance imaging in cerebral fat embolism. Clin Radiol. 1996; 51(6):445–6.Google Scholar
Gombar, S, Dey, N, Deva, C. Pupillary signs in fat embolism syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005; 49(5):723.Google Scholar
Manousakis, G, Han, D Y, Backonja, M. Cognitive outcome of cerebral fat embolism. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012; 21(8):906–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, J E, Ayyar, D R. Systemic fat embolism. A diagnostic profile in 24 patients. Arch Neurol. 1972; 26(6):517–23.Google Scholar
Bardana, D, Rudan, J, Cervenko, F, Smith, R. Fat embolism syndrome in a patient demonstrating only neurologic symptoms. Can J Surg. 1998; 41(5):398402.Google Scholar
Jacobson, D M, Terrence, C F, Reinmuth, O M. The neurologic manifestations of fat embolism. Neurology. 1986; 36:847–51.Google Scholar
Metting, Z, Rödiger, L A, Regtien, J G, van der Naalt, J. Delayed coma in head injury: consider cerebral fat embolism. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009; 111(7):597600.Google Scholar
Johnson, M J, Lucas, G L. Fat embolism syndrome. Orthopedics. 1996; 19(1):41–8.Google Scholar
Oh, W H, Mital, M A. Fat embolism: Current concepts of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Orthop Clin North Am. 1978; 9(3):769–79.Google Scholar
Gurd, A R. Fat embolism: An aid to diagnosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1970; 52(4):732–7.Google Scholar
Vedrinne, J M, Guillaume, C, Gagnieu, M C, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in trauma patients for diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Chest. 1992; 102(5):1323–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisz, G M, Rang, M, Salter, R B. Posttraumatic fat embolism in children: Review of the literature and of experience in the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. J Trauma. 1973; 13(6):529–34.Google Scholar
Schonfeld, S A, Ploysongsang, Y, DiLisio, R, et al. Fat embolism prophylaxis with corticosteroids. A prospective study in high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med. 1983; 99(4):438–43.Google Scholar
Lindeque, B G, Schoeman, H S, Dommisse, G F, Boeyens, M C, Vlok, A L. Fat embolism and the fat embolism syndrome. A double-blind therapeutic study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987; 69(1):128–31.Google Scholar
Mellor, A, Soni, N. Fat embolism. Anaesthesia. 2001; 56(2):145–54.Google Scholar
Shaikh, N. Emergency management of fat embolism syndrome. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009; 2(1):2933.Google Scholar
Costa, A N, Mendes, D M, Toufen, C, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to fat embolism in the postoperative period following liposuction and fat grafting. J Bras Pneumol. 2008; 34(8):622–5.Google Scholar
Chastre, J, Fagon, J Y, Soler, P, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage for rapid diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome in trauma patients. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113(8):583–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forteza, A M, Koch, S, Romano, J G, et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of fat emboli. Stroke. 1999; 30(12):2687–91.Google Scholar
Belvis, R, Leta, R G, Marti-Fabregas, J, et al. Almost perfect concordance between simultaneous transcranial Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography in the quantification of right-to-left shunts. J Neuroimaging. 2006; 16(2):133–8.Google Scholar
Forteza, A M, Koch, S, Campo-Bustillo, I, et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of cerebral fat emboli and relation to paradoxical embolism: A pilot study. Circulation. 2011; 123(18):1947–52.Google Scholar
Gupta, B, Kaur, M, d’Souza, N, et al. Cerebral fat embolism: A diagnostic challenge. Saudi J Anaesth. 2011; 5(3):348–52.Google Scholar
Salazar, J A, Romero, F, Padilla, F, Arboleda, J A, Fernández, O. Neurological manifestations of fat embolism syndrome. Neurologia. 1995; 10(2):65–9.Google Scholar
Sakamoto, T, Sawada, Y, Yukioka, T, et al. Computed tomography for diagnosis and assessment of cerebral fat embolism. Neuroradiology. 1983; 24(5):283–5.Google Scholar
Beers, G J, Nichols, G R, Willing, S J. CT demonstration of fat-embolism-associated hemorrhage in the anterior commissure. Am J Neuroradiol. 1988; 9(1):212–13.Google Scholar
Stoeger, A, Daniaux, M, Felber, S, et al. MRI findings in cerebral fat embolism. Eur Radiol. 1998; 8(9):1590–93.Google Scholar
Marshall, G B, Heale, V R, Herx, L, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging in cerebral fat embolism. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004; 31(3):417–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryu, C W, Lee, D H, Kim, T K, et al. Cerebral fat embolism: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings. Acta Radiol. 2005; 46(5):528–33.Google Scholar
Aravapalli, A, Fox, J, Lazaridis, C. Cerebral fat embolism and the ‘starfield’ pattern: A case report. Cases J. 2009; 2:212–14.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, G, Heran, M K. Restricted diffusion and poor clinical outcome in cerebral fat embolism syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010; 37(1):128–30.Google Scholar
Buskens, C J, Gratama, J W, Hogervorst, M, et al. Encephalopathy and MRI abnormalities in fat embolism syndrome: A case report. Med Sci Monit. 2008; 14(11):CS125129.Google Scholar
Citerio, G, Bianchini, E, Beretta, L. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral fat embolism: A case report. Intensive Care Med. 1995; 21(8):679–81.Google Scholar
Yoshida, A, Okada, Y, Nagata, Y, Hanaguri, K, Morio, M. Assessment of cerebral fat embolism by magnetic resonance imaging in the acute stage. J Trauma. 1996; 40(3):437–40.Google Scholar
Simon, A D, Ulmer, J L, Strottmann, J M. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of cerebral fat embolism: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003; 24(1):97101.Google Scholar
Lee, J. Gradient-echo MRI in defining the severity of cerebral fat embolism. J Clin Neurol. 2008; 4(4):164–6.Google Scholar
Evert, A Eriksson, E A, Sarah, E et al. Cerebral fat embolism without intracardiac shunt: A novel presentation. Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011; 4(2):309–12.Google Scholar
Stoltenberg, J J, Gustilo, R B. The use of methylprednisolone and hypertonic glucose in the prophylaxis of fat embolism syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979; 143:211–21.Google Scholar
Kallenbach, J, Lewis, M, Zaltzman, M, et al. Low-dose corticosteroid prophylaxis against fat embolism. J Trauma. 1987; 27(10):1173–6.Google Scholar
Bederman, S S, Bhandari, M, McKee, M D, Schemitsch, E H. Do corticosteroids reduce the risk of fat embolism syndrome in patients with long-bone fractures? A meta-analysis. Can J Surg. 2009; 52(5):386–93.Google Scholar
Johnson, K D, Cadambi, A, Seibert, G B. Incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple musculoskeletal injuries: Effect of early operative stabilization of fractures. J Trauma. 1985; 25(5):375–84.Google Scholar
White, T, Petrisor, B A, Bhandari, M. Prevention of fat embolism syndrome. Injury. 2006; 37(Suppl 4):S5967.Google Scholar
Muth, C M, Shank, E S. Gas embolism. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342(7):476–82.Google Scholar
Shaikh, N, Ummunisa, F. Acute management of vascular air embolism. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009; 2(3):180–5.Google Scholar
Green, B T, Tendler, D A. Cerebral air embolism during upper endoscopy: Case report and review. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 61(4):620–3.Google Scholar
Bou-Assaly, W, Pernicano, P, Hoeffner, E. Systemic air embolism after transthoracic lung biopsy: A case report and review of literature. World J Radiol. 2010; 2(5):193–6.Google Scholar
Mirski, M A, Lele, A V, Fitzsimmons, L, Toung, T J. Diagnosis and treatment of vascular air embolism. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106(1):164–77.Google Scholar
Herron, D M, Vernon, J K, Gryska, P V, Reines, H D. Venous gas embolism during endoscopy. Surg Endosc. 1999; 13(3):276–9.Google Scholar
Kashuk, J L, Penn, I. Air embolism after central venous catheterization. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1984; 159(3):249–52.Google Scholar
Leach, R M, Rees, P J, Wilmshurst, P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. BMJ. 1998; 317(7166):1140–3.Google Scholar
Standefer, M, Bay, J W, Trusso, R. The sitting position in neurosurgery: A retrospective analysis of 488 cases. Neurosurgery. 1984; 14(6):649–58.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, G, Kuhly, P, Brock, M, et al. Venous and paradoxical air embolism in the sitting position. A prospective study with transoesophageal echocardiography. Acta Neurochir. 1994; 126(2–4):140–3.Google Scholar
Ngai, S H, Stinchfield, F E, Triner, L. Air embolism during total hip arthroplasties. Anesthesiology. 1974; 40(4):405–7.Google Scholar
Spiess, B D, Sloan, M S, McCarthy, R J, et al. The incidence of venous air embolism during total hip arthroplasty. J Clin Anesth. 1988; 1(1):2530.Google Scholar
Lew, T W, Tay, D H, Thomas, E. Venous air embolism during cesarean section: More common than previously thought. Anesth Analg. 1993; 77(3):448–52.Google Scholar
Nishiyama, T, Hanaoka, K. Gas embolism during hysteroscopy. Can J Anaesth. 1999; 46(4):379–81.Google Scholar
Chang, J L, Skolnick, K, Bedger, R, Schramm, V, Bleyaert, A L. Postoperative venous air embolism after removal of neck drains. Arch Otolaryngol. 1981; 107(8):494–6.Google Scholar
Ledowski, T, Kiese, F, Jeglin, S, Scholz, J. Possible air embolism during eye surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005; 100(6):1651–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, K, Ueda, M, Abe, A, et al. Paradoxical cerebral air embolism occurred with postural change during rehabilitation, in a patient with ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Intern Med. 2012; 51(9):1107–9.Google Scholar
Timpa, J G, O’Meara, C, McIlwain, R B, Dabal, R J, Alten, J A. Massive systemic air embolism during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support of a neonate with acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2011; 43(2):86–8.Google Scholar
Ueda, K, Kaneda, Y, Sudo, M, et al. Cerebral air embolism during imaging of a sentinel lymphatic drainage in the respiratory tract. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006; 81(2):721–3.Google Scholar
Singh, A, Ramanakumar, A, Hannan, J. Simultaneous left ventricular and cerebral artery air embolism after computed tomographic-guided transthoracic needle biopsy of the lung. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011; 38(4):424–6.Google Scholar
Le Guen, M, Trebbia, G, Sage, E, Cerf, C, Fischler, M. Intraoperative cerebral air embolism during lung transplantation: Treatment with early hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012; 26(6):1077–9.Google Scholar
Frasco, P E, Caswell, R E, Novicki, D. Venous air embolism during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesth Analg. 2004; 99(6):1864–6.Google Scholar
Tsou, M Y, Teng, Y H, Chow, L H, Ho, C M, Tsai, S K. Fatal gas embolism during transurethral incision of the bladder neck under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2003; 97(6):1833–4.Google Scholar
Nayagam, J, Ho, K M, Liang, J. Fatal systemic air embolism during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2004; 32(2):260–4.Google Scholar
Akhtar, N, Jafri, W, Mozaffar, T. Cerebral artery air embolism following an esophagogastroscopy: A case report. Neurology. 2001; 56(1):136–7.Google Scholar
Katzgraber, F, Glenewinkel, F, Rittner, C, Beule, J. Fatal air embolism resulting from gastroscopy. Lancet. 1995; 346:1714–15.Google Scholar
Lowdon, J D, Tidmore, T L Jr. Fatal air embolism after gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesthesiology. 1988; 69(4):622–3.Google Scholar
Zini, A, Carpeggiani, P, Pinelli, G, Nichelli, P. Brain air embolism secondary to atrial-esophageal fistula. Arch Neurol. 2012; 69(6):785.Google Scholar
Williams, T L, Parikh, D R, Hopkin, J R, et al. Teaching neuroimages: Cerebral air embolism secondary to atrial-esophageal fistula. Neurology. 2009; 72(12):e5455.Google Scholar
Hertz, J A, Schinco, M A, Frykberg, E R. Extensive pneumocranium. J Trauma. 2002; 52(1):188.Google Scholar
Laskey, A L, Dyer, C, Tobias, J D. Venous air embolism during home infusion therapy. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(1):13.Google Scholar
Grace, D M. Air embolism with neurologic complications: A potential hazard of central venous catheters. Can J Surg. 1977; 20(1):51–3.Google Scholar
Seeburger, J, Borger, M A, Merk, D R, et al. Massive cerebral air embolism after bronchoscopy and central line manipulation. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2009; 17(1):67–9.Google Scholar
Clark, D K, Plaizier, E. Devastating cerebral air embolism after central line removal. J Neurosci Nurs. 2011; 43(4):193–6.Google Scholar
Yee, E S, Verrier, E D, Thomas, A N. Management of air embolism in blunt and penetrating thoracic trauma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983; 85(5):661–8.Google Scholar
Lai, C C, Chuang, C H, Chao, C M, Liu, W L, Hou, C C. Pulmonary artery air embolism after blunt trauma. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(4):369–70.Google Scholar
Hwang, S L, Lieu, A S, Lin, C L, et al. Massive cerebral air embolism after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Clin Neurosci. 2005; 12(4):468–9.Google Scholar
Arena, V, Capelli, A. Venous air embolism after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: The first case with histological confirmation. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2010; 19(2):43–4.Google Scholar
Schwerzmann, M, Seiler, C. Recreational scuba diving, patent foramen ovale and their associated risks. Swiss Med Wkly. 2001; 131(25–26): 365–74.Google Scholar
Spira, A. Diving and marine medicine review part II: Diving diseases. J Travel Med. 1999; 6(3):180–98.Google Scholar
Kapoor, T, Gutierrez, G. Air embolism as a cause of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: A case report. Crit Care. 2003; 7(5):98100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvaran, S B, Toung, J K, Graff, T E, Benson, D W. Venous air embolism: Comparative merits of external cardiac massage, intracardiac aspiration, and left lateral decubitus position. Anesth Analg. 1978; 57(2):166–70.Google Scholar
Toung, T J, Rossberg, M I, Hutchins, G M. Volume of air in a lethal venous air embolism. Anesthesiology. 2001; 94(2):360–1.Google Scholar
Vann, R D, Butler, F K, Mitchell, S J, Moon, R E. Decompression illness. Lancet. 2011; 377(9760):153–64.Google Scholar
Raju, G S, Bendixen, B H, Khan, J, Summers, R W. Cerebrovascular accident during endoscopy: Consider cerebral air embolism, a rapidly reversible event with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 47(1):70–3.Google Scholar
Gursoy, S, Duger, C, Kaygusuz, K, et al. Cerebral arterial air embolism associated with mechanical ventilation and deep tracheal aspiration. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2012; 2012:12.Google Scholar
Heckmann, J G, Lang, C J, Kindler, K, et al. Neurologic manifestations of cerebral air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28(5):1621–5.Google Scholar
Ho, A M, Ling, E. Systemic air embolism after lung trauma. Anesthesiology. 1999; 90(2):564–75.Google Scholar
de Blauw, M H. An unusual complication of a central venous catheter placement. Neth J Med. 2012; 70(1):40–4.Google Scholar
Kuwahara, T, Takahashi, A, Takahashi, Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of massive air embolism complicating left atrial ablation of atrial fibrillation: Lessons from five cases. Europace. 2012; 14(2):204–8.Google Scholar
Fitchet, A, Fitzpatrick, A P. Central venous air embolism causing pulmonary oedema mimicking left ventricular failure. BMJ. 1998; 316(7131):604–6.Google Scholar
Valentino, R, Hilbert, G, Vargas, F, Gruson, D. Computed tomographic scan of massive cerebral air embolism. Lancet. 2003; 361(9372):1848.Google Scholar
Herber, N, Salvolin, L, Salvolini, U. Changes in CT evidence of massive cerebral air embolism. Eur J Radiol Extra. 2004; 51:910.Google Scholar
Suzuki, T, Ando, T, Usami, A, et al. Cerebral air embolism as a complication of peptic ulcer in the gastric tube: case report. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011; 11:139–41.Google Scholar
Griese, H, Seifert, D, Koerfer, R. Cortical infarction following cardiosurgical procedures: Air embolism as a probable cause. Eur Neurol. 2009; 61(6):343–9.Google Scholar
Gao, G K, Wu, D, Yang, Y, et al. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of compressed air divers in diving accidents. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2009; 36(1):3341.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, R A, Rubens, F D, Wozny, D, Nathan, H J Cerebral emboli detected by transcranial Doppler during cardiopulmonary bypass are not correlated with postoperative cognitive deficits. Stroke. 2010; 41(10):2229–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furuya, H, Okumura, F. Detection of paradoxical air embolism by transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1984; 60(4):374–7.Google Scholar
Romero, J R, Frey, J L, Schwamm, L H, et al. Cerebral ischemic events associated with ‘bubble study’ for identification of right to left shunts. Stroke. 2009; 40(7):2343–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsivgoulis, G, Stamboulis, E, Sharma, V K, et al. Safety of transcranial Doppler ‘bubble study’ for identification of right to left shunts: An international multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011; 82(11):1206–8.Google Scholar
Orebaugh, S L. Venous air embolism: Clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med. 1992; 20(8):1169–77.Google Scholar
Mehlhorn, U, Burke, E J, Butler, B D, et al. Body position does not affect the hemodynamic response to venous air embolism in dogs. Anesth Analg. 1994; 79(4):734–9.Google Scholar
Bowdle, T A, Artru, A A. Treatment of air embolism with a special pulmonary artery catheter introducer sheath in sitting dogs. Anesthesiology. 1988; 68(1):107–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bedford, R F, Marshall, W K, Butler, A, Welsh, J E. Cardiac catheters for diagnosis and treatment of venous air embolism: A prospective study in man. J Neurosurg. 1981; 55(4):610–14.Google Scholar
Kol, S, Ammar, R, Weisz, G, Melamed, Y. Hyperbaric oxygenation for arterial air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993; 55(2):401–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahni, T, Jain, M. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Research indications and emerging role in neurological illnesses. Apollo Med. 2005; 2(1):1620.Google Scholar
Mortensen, C R. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 2008; 19:333–7.Google Scholar
Murphy, B P, Harford, F J, Cramer, F S. Cerebral air embolism resulting from invasive medical procedures. Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Surg. 1985; 201(2):242–5.Google Scholar
Newcomb, A, Frawley, G, Fock, A, Bennett, M, d’Udekem, Y. Hyperbaric oxygenation in the management of cerebral arterial gas embolism during cavopulmonary connection surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008; 22(4):576–80.Google Scholar
Blanc, P, Boussuges, A, Henriette, K, Sainty, J M, Deleflie, M. Iatrogenic cerebral air embolism: Importance of an early hyperbaric oxygenation. Intensive Care Med. 2002; 28(5):559–63.Google Scholar
Dutka, A J, Mink, R, McDermott, J, Clark, J B, Hallenbeck, J M. Effect of lidocaine on somatosensory evoked response and cerebral blood flow after canine cerebral air embolism. Stroke. 1992; 23(10):1515–20.Google Scholar
McDermott, J J, Dutka, A J, Evans, D E, Flynn, E T. Treatment of experimental cerebral air embolism with lidocaine and hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Biomed Res. 1990; 17(6):525–34.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S J, Merry, A F, Frampton, C, et al. Cerebral protection by lidocaine during cardiac operations: A follow-up study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009; 87(3):820–5.Google Scholar
Ballham, A, Allen, M J. Air embolism in a sports diver. Br J Sports Med. 1983; 17(1):79.Google Scholar
Dutka, A J, Mink, R B, Pearson, R R, Hallenbeck, J M. Effects of treatment with dexamethasone on recovery from experimental cerebral arterial gas embolism. Undersea Biomed Res. 1992; 19(2):131–41.Google Scholar
Ryu, K H, Hindman, B J, Reasoner, D K, Dexter, F. Heparin reduces neurological impairment after cerebral arterial air embolism in the rabbit. Stroke. 1996; 27(2):303–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×