Treatment-Related Stroke
Buy print or eBook
[Opens in a new window] Including Iatrogenic and In-Hospital Strokes
Book contents
- Treatment-Related StrokeIncluding Iatrogenic and In-hospital Strokes
- Treatment-Related Stroke
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section I Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: peri- and postoperative strokes
- Section II Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: stroke after endovascular procedures
- Section III Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: other causes
- Section IV Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic strokes
- Section V Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: intracranial bleeding
- Section VI Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhage
- Section VII Other uncommon causes of iatrogenic stroke
- Section VIII Cerebral venous thrombosis
- Section IX Medication reversal and restarting in patients with iatrogenic strokes
- Index
- References
Section I - Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: peri- and postoperative strokes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 October 2016
Book contents
- Treatment-Related StrokeIncluding Iatrogenic and In-hospital Strokes
- Treatment-Related Stroke
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section I Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: peri- and postoperative strokes
- Section II Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: stroke after endovascular procedures
- Section III Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: other causes
- Section IV Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic strokes
- Section V Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: intracranial bleeding
- Section VI Iatrogenic hemorrhagic strokes: anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhage
- Section VII Other uncommon causes of iatrogenic stroke
- Section VIII Cerebral venous thrombosis
- Section IX Medication reversal and restarting in patients with iatrogenic strokes
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Treatment-Related StrokeIncluding Iatrogenic and In-Hospital Strokes, pp. 1 - 62Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
References
Hart, R, Hindman, B. Mechanisms of perioperative cerebral infarction. Stroke. 1982; 13:766–73.Google Scholar
Larsen, S F, Zaric, D, Bosen, G. Postoperative cerebrovascular accidents in general surgery. Stroke. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988; 32:698–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parikh, S, Cohen, J R. Postoperative stroke after general surgical procedures. NY State J Med. 1993; 93:162–5.Google Scholar
Limburg, M, Wijdicks, E F, Li, H. Ischemic stroke after surgical procedures: Clinical features, neuroimaging, and stroke factors. Neurology. 1998; 50:895–901.Google Scholar
Kikura, M, Oikawa, F, Yamamoto, K, et al. Myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident following non-cardiac surgery: Differences in postoperative temporal distribution and risk factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2008; 6:742–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosan, D K, Gomez, C R, Maves, M D. Perioperative stroke in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. Ann Otol Rhonol Laryngol. 1993; 102:717–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Bateman, B T, Schumacher, H C, Wang, S, Shaefi, S, Berman, M F. Perioperative acute ischemic stroke in non-cardiac and non-vascular surgery: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2009; 110:231–8.Google Scholar
Polanczyk, C A, Marcantonio, E, Goldman, L, et al. Impact of age on perioperative complications and length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134(8):637–43.Google Scholar
Reich, D L, Bennett-Guerrero, E, Bodian, C A, et al. Intraoperative tachycardia and hypertension are independently associated with adverse outcome in noncardiac surgery of long duration. Anesth Analg. 2002; 95(2):273–7.Google Scholar
Brooks, D C, Schindler, J L. Perioperative stroke: Risk assessment, prevention and treatment. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2014; 16:282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Press, M J, Chassin, M R, Wang, J, Tuhrim, S, Halm, E A. Predicting medical and surgical complications of carotid endarterectomy: comparing the risk indexes. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(8):914–20.Google Scholar
Lee, T H, Marcantonio, E R, Mangione, C M, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999; 100(10):1043–9.Google Scholar
van Diepen, S, Youngson, E, Ezekowitz, J A, McAlister, F A. Which risk score best predicts perioperative outcomes in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients undergoing noncardiac surgery?Am Heart J. 2014; 168(1):60–7.Google Scholar
Ng, J L, Chan, M T, Gelb, A W. Perioperative stroke in noncardiac, nonneurosurgical surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011; 115(4):879–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinterhuber, G, Böhler, K, Kittler, H, Quehenberger, P. Dermatol Surg. 2006; 32(5):632–9.Google Scholar
Broderick, J P, Bonomo, J B, Kissela, B M, et al. Withdrawal of antithrombotic agents and its impact on ischemic stroke occurrence. Stroke. 2011; 42(9):2509–14.Google Scholar
Sedlaczek, O, Caplan, L, Hennerici, M. Impaired washout-embolism and ischemic stroke: further examples and proof of concept. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005; 19(6):396–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J S, Ko, S B, Shin, H E, Han, S R, Lee, K S. Perioperative stroke in the brain and spinal cord following an induced hypotension. Yonsei Med J. 2003; 44(1):143–5.Google Scholar
Langmayr, J J, Ortler, M, Obwegeser, A, Felber, S. Quadriplegia after lumbar disc surgery. A case report. Spine. 1996; 21(16):1932–5.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, M E, Torp-Pedersen, C, Gislason, G H, et al. Time elapsed after ischemic stroke and risk of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality following elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 2014; 312(3):269–277.Google Scholar
Biteker, M, Dayan, A, Can, M M, et al. Impaired fasting glucose is associated with increased perioperative cardiovascular event rates in patients undergoing major non-cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011; 10:63.Google Scholar
Gentile, N T, Seftchick, M W, Huynh, T, Kruus, L K, Gaughan, J. Decreased mortality by normalizing blood glucose after acute ischemic stroke. Acad Emerg Med. 2006; 13(2):174–80.Google Scholar
Douketis, J D, Spyropoulos, A C, Kaatz, S, et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373(9):823–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, B A, Peterson, E D, Kim, S, et al. Use and outcomes associated with bridging during anticoagulation interruptions in patients with atrial fibrillation: Findings from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Circulation. 2015; 131(5):488–94.Google Scholar
Gialdini, G, Nearing, K, Bhave, P D, et al. Perioperative atrial fibrillation and the long-term risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2014; 312(6):616–22.Google Scholar
Epstein, A E, Alexander, J C, Gutterman, D D, Maisel, W, Wharton, J M, American College of Chest Physicians. Anticoagulation: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest. 2005; 128(2 Suppl):24S–27S.Google Scholar
Frendl, G, Sodickson, A C, Chung, M K, et al. AATS guidelines for the prevention and management of perioperative atrial fibrillation and flutter for thoracic surgical procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014; 148(3):e153–93.Google Scholar
Maulaz, A B, Bezerra, D C, Michel, P, Bogousslavsky, J. Effect of discontinuing aspirin therapy on the risk of brain ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62(8):1217–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genewein, U, Haeberli, A, Straub, P W, Beer, J H. Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haematol. 1996; 92(2):479–85.Google Scholar
Douketis, J D, Spyropoulos, A C, Spencer, F A, et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012; Feb;141(2 Suppl):e326S–50S. Erratum in: Chest. 2012; 141(4):1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assia, E I, Raskin, T, Kaiserman, I, Rotenstreich, Y, Segev, F. Effect of aspirin intake on bleeding during cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998; 24(9):1243–6.Google Scholar
Giannarini, G, Mogorovich, A, Valent, F, et al. Continuing or discontinuing low-dose aspirin before transrectal prostate biopsy: results of a prospective randomized trial. Urology. 2007; 70(3):501–5.Google Scholar
Kovich, O, Otley, C C. Thrombotic complications related to discontinuation of warfarin and aspirin therapy perioperatively for cutaneous operation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 48(2):233–7.Google Scholar
Bajkin, B V, Bajkin, I A, Petrovic, B B. The effects of combined oral anticoagulant-aspirin therapy in patients undergoing tooth extractions: a prospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012; 143(7):771–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferraris, V A, Swanson, E. Aspirin usage and perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing unexpected operations. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983; 156(4):439–42.Google Scholar
Capodanno, D, Musumeci, G, Lettieri, C, et al. Impact of bridging with perioperative low-molecular-weight heparin on cardiac and bleeding outcomes of stented patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2015; 114(2):423–31.Google Scholar
Armstrong, M J, Schneck, M J, Biller, J. Discontinuation of perioperative antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in stroke patients. Neurol Clin. 2006; 24(4):607–30.Google Scholar
Yusuf, S, Zhao, F, Mehta, S R, et al. Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7):494–502. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2001; 345(23):1716.Google Scholar
Larson, B J, Zumberg, M S, Kitchens, C S. A feasibility study of continuing dose-reduced warfarin for invasive procedures in patients with high thromboembolic risk. Chest. 2005; 127(3):922–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, A S, Turpie, A G. Perioperative management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163:901–8.Google Scholar
The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guideline: Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. 2009; doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.040. www.asge.org/uploadedFiles/Publications_and_Products/Practice_Guidelines/PIIS0016510709025498.pdf.Google Scholar
POISE Study Group, Devereaux, P J, Yang, H, Yusuf, S, et al. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 371(9627):1839–47.Google Scholar
Wong, G Y, Warner, D O, Schroeder, D R, et al. Risk of surgery and anesthesia for ischemic stroke. Anesthesiology. 2000; 92:425–32.Google Scholar
Stentella, P, Frega, A, Cipriano, L, et al. Prevention of thromboembolic complications in women undergoing gynecologic surgery. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 24:58–60.Google Scholar
Celebi, F, Balik, A A, Yildirgan, M I, et al. Thromboembolic prophylaxis after major abdominal surgery. Ulus Travma Derg. 2001; 7:44–8.Google Scholar
Amarigiri, S V, Lees, T A. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; CD001484.Google Scholar
Chalela, J A, Katzan, I, Liebeskind, D S, et al. Safety of intra-arterial thrombolysis in the postoperative period. Stroke. 2001; 32(6):1365–9.Google Scholar
References
CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996; 348(9038):1329–39.Google Scholar
Sigvant, B, Wiberg-Hedman, K, Bergqvist, D, et al. A population-based study of peripheral arterial disease prevalence with special focus on critical limb ischemia and sex differences. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 45(6):1185–91.Google Scholar
Steg, P G, Bhatt, D L, Wilson, P W, et al. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2007; 297(11):1197–206.Google Scholar
Diehm, C, Allenberg, J R, Pittrow, D, et al. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2009; 120(21):2053–61.Google Scholar
Clark, C E, Taylor, R S, Shore, A C, Ukoumunne, O C, Campbell, J L. Association of a difference in systolic blood pressure between arms with vascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012; 379(9819):905–14.Google Scholar
Naylor, A R, Bown, M J. Stroke after cardiac surgery and its association with asymptomatic carotid disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 41(5):607–24.Google Scholar
Ballotta, E, Renon, L, Da Giau, G, et al. Prospective randomized study on asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis and perioperative stroke risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery: prophylactic or deferred carotid endarterectomy? Ann Vasc Surg. 2005; 19(6):876–81.Google Scholar
Bergqvist, D, Rosén, M. Health technology assessment in surgery. Scand J Surg. 2012; 101(2):132–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, H J, Nguyen, C, Diener, A C, et al. Open arch reconstruction in the endovascular era: analysis of 721 patients over 17 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 141(6):1417–23.Google Scholar
Sundt, T M 3rd, Orszulak, T A, Cook, D J, Schaff, H V. Improving results of open arch replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 86(3):787–96.Google Scholar
Schermerhorn, M L, Giles, K A, Hamdan, A D, et al. Population-based outcomes of open descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2008; 48(4):821–7.Google Scholar
Nakamura, K, Nakamura, E, Yano, M, et al. Factors influencing permanent neurologic dysfunction and mortality after total arch replacement with separate arch vessel grafting using selective cerebral perfusion. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 17(1):39–44.Google Scholar
Cheng, G, Zhang, L. [Adverse events related to bevacizumab and the management principles in non-small cell lung cancer]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2010; 13(6):563–7.Google Scholar
Gupta, P K, Pipinos, I I, Miller, W J, et al. A population-based study of risk factors for stroke after carotid endarterectomy using the ACS NSQIP database. J Surg Res. 2011; 167(2):182–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parlani, G, De Rango, P, Cieri, E, et al. Diabetes is not a predictor of outcome for carotid revascularization with stenting as it may be for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2012; 55(1):79–89.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P M, Slattery, J, Warlow, C P. A systematic comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. Stroke. 1996; 27(2):266–9.Google Scholar
Naylor, A R, Rothwell, P M, Bell, P R. Overview of the principal results and secondary analyses from the European and North American randomised trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003; 26(2):115–29.Google Scholar
Antonopoulos, C N, Kakisis, J D, Sergentanis, T N, Liapis, C D. Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy: a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 42(6):751–65.Google Scholar
Economopoulos, K P, Sergentanis, T N, Tsivgoulis, G, Mariolis, A D, Stefanadis, C. Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a comprehensive meta-analysis of short-term and long-term outcomes. Stroke. 2011; 42(3):687–92.Google Scholar
Usman, A A, Tang, G L, Eskandari, M K. Metaanalysis of procedural stroke and death among octogenarians: carotid stenting versus carotid endarterectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2009; 208(6):1124–31.Google Scholar
Stromberg, S, Gelin, J, Osterberg, T, et al. Very urgent carotid endarterectomy confers increased procedural risk. Stroke. 2012; 43(5):1331–5.Google Scholar
Adriaensen, M E, Bosch, J L, Halpern, E F, Myriam Hunink, M G, Gazelle, G S. Elective endovascular versus open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: systematic review of short-term results. Radiology. 2002; 224(3):739–47.Google Scholar
Blankensteijn, J D. Mortality and morbidity rates after conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Semin Interv Cardiol. 2000; 5(1):7–13.Google Scholar
Schermerhorn, M L, O’Malley, A J, Jhaveri, A, et al. Endovascular vs. open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the Medicare population. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(5):464–74.Google Scholar
Kikura, M, Takada, T, Sato, S. Preexisting morbidity as an independent risk factor for perioperative acute thromboembolism syndrome. Arch Surg. 2005; 140(12):1210–7.Google Scholar
Ng, J L, Chan, M T, Gelb, A W. Perioperative stroke in noncardiac, nonneurosurgical surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011; 115(4):879–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bijker, J B, Persoon, S, Peelen, L M, et al. Intraoperative hypotension and perioperative ischemic stroke after general surgery: a nested case-control study. Anesthesiology. 2012; 116(3):658–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parikh, S, Cohen, J R. Perioperative stroke after general surgical procedures. N Y State J Med. 1993; 93(3):162–5.Google Scholar
Larsen, S F, Zaric, D, Boysen, G. Postoperative cerebrovascular accidents in general surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988; 32(8):698–701.Google Scholar
Limburg, M, Wijdicks, E F, Li, H. Ischemic stroke after surgical procedures: clinical features, neuroimaging, and risk factors. Neurology. 1998; 50(4):895–901.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, Verhaeghe, R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133(6 Suppl):815S-43S.Google Scholar
Lindblad, B, Persson, N H, Takolander, R, Bergqvist, D. Does low-dose acetylsalicylic acid prevent stroke after carotid surgery? A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Stroke. 1993; 24(8):1125–8.Google Scholar
Sharpe, R Y, Dennis, M J, Nasim, A, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy prior to carotid endarterectomy reduces post-operative embolisation and thromboembolic events: post-operative transcranial Doppler monitoring is now unnecessary. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010; 40(2):162–7.Google Scholar
Payne, D A, Jones, C I, Hayes, P D, et al. Beneficial effects of clopidogrel combined with aspirin in reducing cerebral emboli in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Circulation. 2004; 109(12):1476–81.Google Scholar
O’Neil-Callahan, K, Katsimaglis, G, Tepper, M R, et al. Statins decrease perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery: the Statins for Risk Reduction in Surgery (StaRRS) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45(3):336–42.Google Scholar
Durazzo, A E, Machado, F S, Ikeoka, D T, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 39(5):967–75.Google Scholar
Sillesen, H, Amarenco, P, Hennerici, M G, et al. Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke. 2008; 39(12):3297–302.Google Scholar
Kennedy, J, Quan, H, Buchan, A M, Ghali, W A, Feasby, T E. Statins are associated with better outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients. Stroke. 2005; 36(10):2072–6.Google Scholar
McGirt, M J, Perler, B A, Brooke, B S, et al. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors reduce the risk of perioperative stroke and mortality after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2005; 42(5):829–36.Google Scholar
Sharpe, R, Sayers, R D, McCarthy, M J, et al. The war against error: a 15 year experience of completion angioscopy following carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012; 43(2):139–45.Google Scholar
Rockman, C B, Halm, E A. Intraoperative imaging: does it really improve perioperative outcomes of carotid endarterectomy? Semin Vasc Surg. 2007; 20(4):236–43.Google Scholar
Wallaert, J B, Goodney, P P, Vignati, J J, et al. Completion imaging after carotid endarterectomy in the Vascular Study Group of New England. J Vasc Surg. 2011; 54(2):376–85, 85 e1–3.Google Scholar
Bond, R, Rerkasem, K, Rothwell, P M. Systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication for and timing of surgery. Stroke. 2003; 34(9):2290–301.Google Scholar
Turnipseed, W D, Berkoff, H A, Belzer, F O. Postoperative stroke in cardiac and peripheral vascular disease. Ann Surg. 1980; 192(3):365–8.Google Scholar
Liapis, C D, Bell, P R, Mikhailidis, D, Sivenius, J, et al. ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009; 37(4 Suppl):1–19.Google Scholar
Plate, G, Hollier, L H, O’Brien, P C, Pairolero, P C, Cherry, K J. Late cerebrovascular accidents after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Acta Chir Scand. 1988; 154(1):25–9.Google Scholar
Harris, E J Jr., Moneta, G L, Yeager, R A, Taylor, L M Jr., Porter, J M. Neurologic deficits following noncarotid vascular surgery. Am J Surg. 1992; 163(5):537–40.Google Scholar
Pomposelli, F B, Kansal, N, Hamdan, A D, et al. A decade of experience with dorsalis pedis artery bypass: analysis of outcome in more than 1000 cases. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 37(2):307–15.Google Scholar
Liapis, C D, Kakisis, J D, Dimitroulis, D A, et al. Carotid ultrasound findings as a predictor of long-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a 14-year prospective study. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 38(6):1220–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blankensteijn, J D, de Jong, S E, Prinssen, M, et al. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(23):2398–405.Google Scholar
Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365(9478):2179–86.Google Scholar
Jensen, L P, Lepantalo, M, Fossdal, J E, et al. Dacron or PTFE for above-knee femoropopliteal bypass. a multicenter randomised study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 34(1):44–9.Google Scholar
Biancari, F, Salenius, J P, Heikkinen, M, et al. Risk-scoring method for prediction of 30-day postoperative outcome after infrainguinal surgical revascularization for critical lower-limb ischemia: a Finnvasc registry study. World J Surg. 2007; 31(1):217–25.Google Scholar
Cherr, GS, Wang, J, Zimmerman, P M, Dosluoglu, H H. Depression is associated with worse patency and recurrent leg symptoms after lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 45(4):744–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lederle, F A, Freischlag, J A, Kyriakides, T C, et al. Outcomes following endovascular vs open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009; 302(14):1535–42.Google Scholar
Lange, C P, Ploeg, A J, Lardenoye, J W, Breslau, P J. Patient- and procedure-specific risk factors for postoperative complications in peripheral vascular surgery. Qual Saf Health Care. 2009; 18(2):131–6.Google Scholar
Gisbertz, S S, Ramzan, M, Tutein Nolthenius, R P, et al. Short-term results of a randomized trial comparing remote endarterectomy and supragenicular bypass surgery for long occlusions of the superficial femoral artery [the REVAS trial]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009; 37(1):68–76.Google Scholar
Brown, L C, Thompson, S G, Greenhalgh, R M, Powell, J T. Incidence of cardiovascular events and death after open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the randomized EVAR trial 1. Br J Surg. 2011; 98(7):935–42.Google Scholar
Becquemin, J P, Pillet, J C, Lescalie, F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of endovascular aneurysm repair versus open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms in low- to moderate-risk patients. J Vasc Surg. 2011; 53(5):1167–73 e1.Google Scholar
Svensson, L G, Crawford, E S, Hess, K R, Coselli, J S, Safi, H J. Variables predictive of outcome in 832 patients undergoing repairs of the descending thoracic aorta. Chest. 1993; 104(4):1248–53.Google Scholar
Borst, H G, Jurmann, M, Buhner, B, Laas, J. Risk of replacement of descending aorta with a standardized left heart bypass technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994; 107(1):126–32.Google Scholar
Kouchoukos, N T, Masetti, P, Rokkas, C K, Murphy, S F, Blackstone, E H. Safety and efficacy of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest for operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72(3):699–707.Google Scholar
Brandt, M, Hussel, K, Walluscheck, K P, et al. Stent-graft repair versus open surgery for the descending aorta: a case-control study. J Endovasc Ther. 2004; 11(5):535–8.Google Scholar
Coselli, J S, LeMaire, S A, Conklin, L D, Adams, G J. Left heart bypass during descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair does not reduce the incidence of paraplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 77(4):1298–303.Google Scholar
Estrera, A L, Miller, C C 3rd, Chen, E P, et al. Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair: 12-year experience using distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 80(4):1290–6.Google Scholar
Stone, D H, Brewster, D C, Kwolek, C J, et al. Stent-graft versus open-surgical repair of the thoracic aorta: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 2006; 44(6):1188–97.Google Scholar
Khaladj, N, Shrestha, M, Meck, S, et al. Hypothermic circulatory arrest with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion in ascending aortic and aortic arch surgery: a risk factor analysis for adverse outcome in 501 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 135(4):908–14.Google Scholar
Kulik, A, Castner, C F, Kouchoukos, N T. Outcomes after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 141(4):953–60.Google Scholar
Thomas, M, Li, Z, Cook, D J, Greason, K L, Sundt, T M. Contemporary results of open aortic arch surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012; 144(4):838–44.Google Scholar
Kragsterman, B, Logason, K, Ahari, A, et al. Risk factors for complications after carotid endarterectomy: a population-based study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004; 28(1):98–103.Google Scholar
Halliday, A, Mansfield, A, Marro, J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363(9420):1491–502.Google Scholar
Brott, T G, Hobson, R W, 2nd, Howard, G, et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(1):11–23.Google Scholar
Halliday, A, Harrison, M, Hayter, E, et al. 10-year stroke prevention after successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis (ACST-1): a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2010; 376(9746):1074–84.Google Scholar
References
Walker, A E, Robins, M, Weinfeld, F D. The National Survey of Stroke: Clinical findings. Stroke. 1981; 12:13–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Kalfas, I H, Little, J R. Postoperative hemorrhage: a survey of 4992 intracranial procedures. Neurosurgery. 1988; 23: 343–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Palmer, J D, Sparrow, O C, Iannotti, F I. Postoperative hematoma: A 5-year survey and identification of avoidable risk factors. Neurosurgery. 1994; 35: 1061–5.Google Scholar
MacMahon, S, Rodgers, A. Blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and stroke risk. J Hypertens Suppl. 1994; 12: S5–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, Y C, Djulbegovic, B, Shamai-Lubovitz, O, Mozes, B. The bleeding risk and natural history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with persistent low platelet counts. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 1630–8.Google Scholar
Biller, J, Feinberg, W M, Castaldo, JE, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1998; 97: 501–9.Google Scholar
Feinberg, W M, Albers, G W, Barnett, HJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. From the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1994; 89: 2950–65.Google Scholar
Korinth, M C. Low-dose aspirin before intracranial surgery – results of a survey among neurosurgeons in Germany. Acta Neurochir. 2006; 148: 1189–96.Google Scholar
Benveniste, R, Germano, I M. Evaluation of factors predicting accurate resections of high-grade gliomas by using frameless image-guided stereotactic guidance. Neurosurgical Focus. 2003; 14: e5.Google Scholar
Martin, A, Rojas, S, Chamorro, A, et al. Why does acute hyperglycemia worsen the outcome for transient focal cerebral ischemia? Role of corticosteroids, inflammation, and protein O-glycosylation. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1288–95.Google Scholar
Nadig, A S, King, A T. Traumatic extradural haematoma revealed after contralateral decompressive craniectomy. Br J Neurosurg. 2012. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762248Google Scholar
Sturiale, C L, De Bonis, P, Rigante, L, et al. Do traumatic brain contusions increase in size after decompressive craniectomy? J Neurotrauma. 2012; 29: 2723–26.Google Scholar
Walcott, B P, Nahed, B V, Sheth, S A, et al. Bilateral hemicraniectomy in non-penetrating traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012; 29: 1879–85.Google Scholar
Winn, H R, Richardson, A E, Jane, JA. The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysm: A 10-year evaluation of 364 patients. Ann Neurolog. 1977; 1: 358–70.Google Scholar
Voldby, B, Enevoldsen, E M. Intracranial pressure changes following aneurysm rupture. Part 3: Recurrent hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1982; 56: 784–9.Google Scholar
Connolly, E S Jr, Kader, A A, Frazzini, V I, Winfree, C, Solomon, R A. The safety of intraoperative lumbar drainage for acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysm: Technical note. Surg Neurol. 1997; 48: 338–44.Google Scholar
Rosenorn, J, Westergaard, L, Hansen, P H. Mannitol induced rebleeding from intracranial aneurysm: Case report. J Neurosurg. 1983; 59: 529–30.Google Scholar
Graf, C J, Nibbelink, D W. Randomized treatment study: Intracranial surgery. In Sahs, A L and Nibbelink, D W, eds. Aneurysm Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Report of the Cooperative Study. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenburg. 1981; 145–202.Google Scholar
Schramm, J, Cedzich, C. Outcome and management of intraoperative aneurysm rupture. Surg Neurol. 1993; 40: 26–30.Google Scholar
Ondra, S L, Troupp, H, George, E D, Schwab, K. The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: A 24-year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg. 1990; 73: 387–91.Google Scholar
Kondziolka, D, McLaughlin, M R, Kestle, J R W. Simple risk predictors for arteriovenous malformations hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1995; 37: 851–5.Google Scholar
Baijim van Beijnum, J, van der Worp, H B, Buis, D R, et al. Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011; 306: 2011–19.Google Scholar
Spetzler, R F, Wilson, C B, Weinstein, P, et al. Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough theory. Clin Neurosurg. 1978; 25: 651–72.Google Scholar
al-Rodhan, N R, Sundt, T M, Piepgras, D G, et al. Occlusive hyperemia: A theory of the hemodynamic complications following resection of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1993; 78: 167–75.Google Scholar
Landriel Ibañez, F A, Hem, S, Ajler, P, et al. A new classification of complications in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg. 2011; 75: 709–15.Google Scholar
References
Rosengart, A J, Schultheiss, K E, Tolentino, J, Macdonald, R L. Prognostic factors for outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007; 38: 2315–21.Google Scholar
Rabinstein, A A, Weigand, S, Atkinson, J L, Wijdicks, E F. Patterns of cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005; 36: 992–7.Google Scholar
Nornes, H. The role of intracranial pressure in the arrest of hemorrhage in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 1973; 39: 226–34.Google Scholar
Dreier, J P, Ebert, N, Priller, J, et al. Products of hemolysis in the subarachnoid space inducing spreading ischemia in the cortex and focal necrosis in rats: A model for delayed ischemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg. 2000; 93: 658–66.Google Scholar
Ostrowski, R P, Colohan, A R, Zhang, J H. Molecular mechanisms of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2006; 28: 399–414.Google Scholar
Vergouwen, M D, Vermeulen, M, van Gijn, J, et al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: Proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke. 2010; 41: 2391–5.Google Scholar
Schmidt, J M, Wartenberg, K E, Fernandez, A, et al. Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2008; 109: 1052–9.Google Scholar
Baldwin, M E, Macdonald, R L, Dezheng, H, et al. Early vasospasm on admission angiography in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is a predictor for in-hospital complications and poor outcome. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2506–11.Google Scholar
Cahill, J, Calvert, J W, Zhang, J H. Mechanisms of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006; 26: 1341–53.Google Scholar
Pluta, R M. Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: Review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 105: 23–56.Google Scholar
Seifert, V, Loffler, B M, Zimmermann, M, Roux, S, Stolke, D. Endothelin concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Correlation with cerebral vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurological deficits, and volume of hematoma. J Neurosurg. 1995; 82: 55–62.Google Scholar
Sehba, F A, Bederson, J B. Mechanisms of acute brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2006; 28: 381–98.Google Scholar
Turner, C P, Bergeron, M, Matz, P, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 is induced in glia throughout brain by subarachnoid hemoglobin. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18: 257–73.Google Scholar
Dietrich, H H, Dacey, R G Jr. Molecular keys to the problems of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 2000; 46: 517–30.Google Scholar
Nishizawa, S, Laher, I. Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005; 15: 24–34.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, M, Seifert, V. Endothelin and subarachnoid hemorrhage: An overview. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43: 863–75.Google Scholar
Fassbender, K, Hodapp, B, Rossol, S, et al. Endothelin-1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage: An acute-phase reactant produced by cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2971–5.Google Scholar
Macdonald, R L, Higashida, R T, Keller, E, et al. Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke. 2012; 43: 1463–9.Google Scholar
Luders, J C, Weihl, C C, Lin, G, et al. Adenoviral gene transfer of nitric oxide synthase increases cerebral blood flow in rats. Neurosurgery. 2000; 47: 1206–14.Google Scholar
Clatterbuck, R E, Gailloud, P, Tierney, T, et al. Release of a nitric oxide donor for the prevention of delayed cerebral vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in nonhuman primates. J Neurosurg. 2005; 103: 745–51.Google Scholar
Tierney, T S, Pradilla, G, Wang, P P, Clatterbuck, R E, Tamargo, R J. Intracranial delivery of the nitric oxide donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide from a controlled-release polymer: Toxicity in cynomolgus monkeys. Neurosurgery. 2006; 58: 952–60.Google Scholar
Pluta, R M, Dejam, A, Grimes, G, Gladwin, M T, Oldfield, E H. Nitrite infusions to prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA. 2005; 293: 1477–84.Google Scholar
McGirt, M J, Lynch, J R, Parra, A, et al. Simvastatin increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and ameliorates cerebral vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2950–6.Google Scholar
McGirt, M J, Pradilla, G, Legnani, F G, et al. Systemic administration of simvastatin after the onset of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage attenuates cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 2006; 58: 945–51.Google Scholar
Tseng, M Y, Czosnyka, M, Richards, H, Pickard, J D, Kirkpatrick, P J. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005; 36: 1627–32.Google Scholar
Dreier, J P, Korner, K, Ebert, N, et al. Nitric oxide scavenging by hemoglobin or nitric oxide synthase inhibition by n-nitro-l-arginine induces cortical spreading ischemia when K+ is increased in the subarachnoid space. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18: 978–90.Google Scholar
Ishiguro, M, Wellman, T L, Honda, A, et al. Emergence of a R-type Ca2+ channel (CAV 2.3) contributes to cerebral artery constriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circ Res. 2005; 96: 419–26.Google Scholar
Pluta, R M, Hansen-Schwartz, J, Dreier, J, et al. Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: Time for a new world of thought. Neurol Res. 2009; 31: 151–8.Google Scholar
Kusaka, G, Ishikawa, M, Nanda, A, Granger, D N, Zhang, J H. Signaling pathways for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004; 24: 916–25.Google Scholar
Birse, S H, Tom, M I. Incidence of cerebral infarction associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. A study of 8 unoperated cases of anterior cerebral aneurysm. Neurology. 1960; 10: 101–6.Google Scholar
Dreier, J P, Woitzik, J, Fabricius, M, et al. Delayed ischaemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage are associated with clusters of spreading depolarizations. Brain. 2006; 129: 3224–37.Google Scholar
Stein, S C, Levine, J M, Nagpal, S, LeRoux, P D. Vasospasm as the sole cause of cerebral ischemia: how strong is the evidence? Neurosurg Focus. 2006; 21: E2.Google Scholar
Park, S, Yamaguchi, M, Zhou, Z, et al. Neurovascular protection reduces early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2412–17.Google Scholar
Fisher, C M, Kistler, J P, Davis, J M. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery, 1980; 6: 1–9.Google Scholar
Kistler, J P, Crowell, R M, Davis, K R. The relation of cerebral vasospasm to the extent and location of subarachnoid blood visualized by CT scan: A prospective study. Neurology, 1983; 33: 424–36.Google Scholar
Claassen, J, Bernardini, G L, Kreiter, K et al. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: The Fisher scale revisited. Stroke. 2001; 32: 2012–20.Google Scholar
Connolly, E S Jr., Rabinstein, A, Carhuapoma, J R, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 2012; 43: 1711–37.Google Scholar
Diringer, M N, Bleck, T P, Claude Hemphill, J 3rd, et al. Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society’s multidisciplinary consensus conference. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 211–40.Google Scholar
Washington, C W, Zipfel, G J. Detection and monitoring of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia: A review and assessment of the literature. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 312–17.Google Scholar
Sloan, M A, Alexandrov, A V, Tegeler, C H, et al. Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004; 62: 1468–81.Google Scholar
Harrigan, M R, Magnano, C R, Guterman, L R, Hopkins, L N. Computed tomographic perfusion in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: New application of an existent technique. Neurosurgery. 2005; 56: 304–17.Google Scholar
Greenberg, E D, Gold, R, Reichman, M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography and CT perfusion for cerebral vasospasm: A meta-analysis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2010; 31: 1853–60.Google Scholar
Stocchetti, N. Triggers for aggressive interventions in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 324–8.Google Scholar
Hanggi, D. Monitoring and detection of vasospasm II: EEG and invasive monitoring. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 318–23.Google Scholar
Dorhout Mees, S M, Rinkel, G J, Feigin, V L, et al. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008; 39: 514–15.Google Scholar
Philippon, J, Grob, R, Dagreou, F, et al. Prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A controlled study with nimodipine. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1986; 82: 110–14.Google Scholar
Treggiari, M M, Walder, B, Suter, P M, Romand, J A. Systematic review of the prevention of delayed ischemic neurological deficits with hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003; 98: 978–84.Google Scholar
Rinkel, G J, Feigin, V L, Algra, A, van Gijn, J. Circulatory volume expansion therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; CD000483.Google Scholar
Hasan, D, Vermeulen, M, Wijdicks, E F, Hijdra, A, van Gijn, J. Effect of fluid intake and antihypertensive treatment on cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1989; 20: 1511–15.Google Scholar
Wong, G K, Poon, W S, Chan, M T, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke. 2010; 41: 921–6.Google Scholar
Dorhout Mees, S M, Algra, A, et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012; 380: 44–9.Google Scholar
Tseng, M Y. Summary of evidence on immediate statins therapy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 298–301.Google Scholar
Zwienenberg-Lee, M, Hartman, J, Rudisill, N, et al. Effect of prophylactic transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral vasospasm and outcome in patients with Fisher grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage: Results of a phase II multicenter, randomized, clinical trial. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1759–65.Google Scholar
Diringer, M N, Axelrod, Y. Hemodynamic manipulation in the neuro-intensive care unit: Cerebral perfusion pressure therapy in head injury and hemodynamic augmentation for cerebral vasospasm. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007; 13: 156–62.Google Scholar
Lee, K H, Lukovits, T, Friedman, J A. “Triple-H” therapy for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2006; 4: 68–76.Google Scholar
Meyer, R, Deem, S, Yanez, N D, et al. Current practices of triple-H prophylaxis and therapy in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 14: 24–36.Google Scholar
Platz, J, Guresir, E, Vatter, H, et al. Unsecured intracranial aneurysms and induced hypertension in cerebral vasospasm: Is induced hypertension safe? Neurocrit Care. 2011; 14: 168–75.Google Scholar
Le Roux, P D. Anemia and transfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 342–53.Google Scholar
Naidech, A M, Shaibani, A, Garg, R K, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of higher goal hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 13: 313–20.Google Scholar
Frontera, J A, Fernandez, A, Schmidt, J M, et al. Clinical response to hypertensive hypervolemic therapy and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2010; 66: 35–41.Google Scholar
Kimball, M M, Velat, G J, Hoh, B L. Critical care guidelines on the endovascular management of cerebral vasospasm. Neurocrit Care. 2011; 15: 336–41.Google Scholar
Stuart, R M, Helbok, R, Kurtz, P, et al. High-dose intra-arterial verapamil for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Prolonged effects on hemodynamic parameters and brain metabolism. Neurosurgery. 2011; 68: 337–45.Google Scholar
Tejada, J G, Taylor, R A, Ugurel, M S, et al. Safety and feasibility of intra-arterial nicardipine for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage-associated vasospasm: Initial clinical experience with high-dose infusions. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28: 844–8.Google Scholar
Shankar, J J, dos Santos, M P, Deus-Silva, L, Lum, C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011; 53: 123–8.Google Scholar
Jestaedt, L, Pham, M, Bartsch, A J, et al. The impact of balloon angioplasty on the evolution of vasospasm-related infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2008; 62: 610–17.Google Scholar
References
Vera, R, Lago, A, Fuentes, B, et al. In-hospital stroke: a multi-centre prospective registry. European J Neurology. 2011; 18:170–6.Google Scholar
Nadav, L, Gur, A Y, Korczyn, A D, Bornstein, N M. Stroke in hospitalized patients: are there special factors? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002; 13:127–31.Google Scholar
Farooq, M U, Reeves, M J, Gargano, J, et al. In-hospital stroke in a statewide stroke registry. Cerbrovasc Dis. 2008; 25:12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budaj, A, Flasinska, K, Goer, J M, et al. Magnitude of and risk factors for in-hospital and postdischarge stroke in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Findings from a Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Circulation. 2005; 111:3242–7.Google Scholar
Mahaffey, K W, Granger, C B, Sloan, M A, et al for the GUSTO-1 Investigators. Risk factors for in-hospital nonhemorrhagic stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Circulation. 1998; 97:757–64.Google Scholar
Waldo, A L, Becker, R C, Tapson, V F, Colgan, K J for the NABOR steering committee. Hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation and a high risk of stroke are not being provided with adequate anticoagulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:1729–36.Google Scholar
Adams, H P, del Zoppo, G, Alberts, M J, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007; 38:1655–711.Google Scholar
De Sliva, D A, Manzano, J J F, Chang, H M, Wong, M C. Reconsidering recent myocardial infarction as a contraindication for IV stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 2011; 76:1838–40.Google Scholar
Sandset, E C, Bath, P M, Boysen, G, et al. The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind trial. Lancet. 2011; 377:741–50.Google Scholar
Beer, C, Blacker, D, Bynevelt, M, Hankey, G J, Puddey, I B. A randomised placebo controlled trial of early ischemic stroke with atorvastatin and irbesartan. Int J Stroke. 2012; 7:104–11.Google Scholar
Sontineni, S P, Moos, A N, Andukari, V G, Schima, S M, Esterbrooks, D. Effectiveness of thrombolytic in acute embolic stroke due to infective endocarditis. Stroke Res Treat. 2010; 2010:841797.Google Scholar
Dabeabneh, H, Hedna, VS, Ford, J, et al. Endovascular intervention for acute stroke due to infective endocarditis: a case report. Neurosurg Focus. 2012; 32:E1.Google Scholar
Diringer, M N, Skolnick, B E, Mayer, S A, et al. Thromboembolic events with recombinant factor VII in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the Factor Seven for Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke (FAST) trial. Stroke. 2010; 41:48–53.Google Scholar
Phan, T G, Koh, M, Wijdicks, E F. Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch Neurol. 2000; 57:1710–13.Google Scholar
Diener, H C, Bogousslavsky, J, Brass, L M, et al. Aspirin and Clopidogrel Compared with Clopidogrel Alone after Recent Ischaemic Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack in High-risk Patients (MATCH): Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364:331–7.Google Scholar
Bhatt, D L, Fox, K A, Hacke, W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:1706–17.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Zhao, X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:11–19.Google Scholar
Fisher, M, Loscalzo, J. The perils of antithrombotic therapy and potential resolutions. Circulation. 2011; 123:232–5.Google Scholar
Petty, G W, Brown, R D, Whisnant, J P, et al. Ischemic stroke subtypes: a population–based study of functional outcome, survival and recurrence. Stroke. 2000; 31:1062–8.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P M, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, S A, Warlow, C P, Barnett, H J. Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet. 2004; 363:915–24.Google Scholar
Brott, T G, Hobson, R W 2nd, Howard, G, et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:11–23.Google Scholar
Hill, M D, Shrive, F M, Kennedy, J, Feasby, T E, Ghali, W A. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery in Canada. Neurology. 64:1435–7.Google Scholar
Naylor, A R, Mehta, Z, Rothwell, P M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 30-day outcomes following staged carotid artery stenting and coronary bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009; 37:379–84.Google Scholar
Blacker, D J, Flemming, K D, Link, M J, Brown, R D. The pre-operative cerebrovascular consultation: common cerebrovascular questions before general or cardiac surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004; 79:223–9.Google Scholar
Tendera, M, Aboyans, V, Bartelink, M, et al. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases. European Heart Journal. 2011; 32:2851–906.Google Scholar
Anstwurm, K, Borges, A C, Halle, E, et al. Timing the valve replacement in infective endocarditis involving the brain. J Neurol. 2004; 251:1220–6.Google Scholar
Eckman, M H, Rosand, J, Knudsen, K A, Singer, D E, Greenberg, S M. Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke. 2003; 34:1710–16.Google Scholar
Paciaroni, M, Agnelli, G. Should oral anticoagulants be restarted after warfarin-associated cerebral haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation? Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2014; 111:14–18.Google Scholar
Holmes, D R, Reddy, D Y, Turi, Z G, et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendix versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2009; 374:534–42.Google Scholar
Connolly, S J, Ezekowitz, M D, Yusuf, S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1139–51.Google Scholar
Granger, C B, Alexander, J H, McMurray, J J, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:981–92.Google Scholar
Patel, M R, Mahaffey, K W, Garg, J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:883–91.Google Scholar
Hankey, G J. Intracranial hemorrhage and novel anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: What have we learned? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2014; 16:480.Google Scholar
Caress, J B, Cartwright, M S, Donofrio, P D, Peacock, J D. The clinical features of 16 cases of stroke associated with the administration of IVIG. Neurology. 2003; 60:1822–4.Google Scholar
Incecik, F, Herquner, M O, Altunbasak, S, Yildizdas, D. Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome due to intravenous immunoglobulin in a child with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Paediatr Neurosci. 2011; 6:138–40.Google Scholar
Townsend, R R. Stroke in chronic kidney disease: prevention and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 33:S11–S16.Google Scholar
Seliger, S L, Gillen, D L, Longstreth, W T, Kestenbaum, B. Stehman-Breen, C O. Elevated risk of stroke among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International. 2003; 64:603–9.Google Scholar
Farhoudi, M, Azar, S A, Abdi, R. Brain hemodynamics in patients with end-stage renal disease between hemodialysis sessions. IJKD. 2012; 6:110–13.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P M. Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011; 13:177–86.Google Scholar
Agrawal, V, Rai, B, Fellows, J, McCullough, P A. In-hospital outcomes with thrombolytic therapy in patients with renal dysfunction presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25:1150–7.Google Scholar
Tutuncu, S, Ziegler, A M, Scheitz, J F, et al. Severe renal impairment is associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013; 44:3217–19.Google Scholar
Palacio, S, Gonzales, N R, Sangha, N S, Birnbaum, L A, Hart, R G. Thrombolysis for acute stroke in hemodialysis: international survey of expert opinion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 1:1357–9.Google Scholar
Bennett, W M. Should dialysis patients ever receive warfarin and for what reasons? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 1:1357–9.Google Scholar
Verheugt, F W, Granger, C B. Oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Current status, special situations, and unmet needs. Lancet. 2015; 386:303–10.Google Scholar
Ng, K P, Edwards, N C, Lip, G Y, Townend, J N, Ferro, C J. Atrial fibrillation in CKD: Balancing the risks and benefits of anticoagulation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2013; 62:615–32.Google Scholar
Kruger, T, Brandenburg, V, Schlieper, G, Marx, N, Floege, J. Sailing between scylla and charybdis: Oral long-term anticoagulation in dialysis patients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 2013; 28:534–41.Google Scholar
Camm, A J, Lip, G Y, De Caterina, R, et al. Focused update of the ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: An update of the 2010 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33:2719–47.Google Scholar
Bang, O Y, Seok, J M, Kim, S G, et al. Ischemic stroke and cancer: stroke severely impacts cancer patients, while cancer increases the number of strokes. J Clin Neurol. 2011; 7:53–9.Google Scholar
Schwarzbach, C J. Systemic thrombolysis in cancer patients: is it safe and effective? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012; Supp 2:64.Google Scholar
Khorana, A A. Cancer and thrombosis: implications of published guidelines for clinical practice. Annals of Oncology. 2009; 20:1619–30.Google Scholar
Coplin, W M, Cochran, M S, Levine, S R, Crawford, S W. Stroke after bone marrow transplantation. Frequency, aetiology and outcome. Brain. 2001; 124:1043–51.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J, Cha, E, Scharf, S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. International Journal of COPD. 2009; 4:337–49.Google Scholar
Seok, H Y, Seo, W, Eun, M, et al. Transient increase in intrathoracic pressure as a contributing factor to cardioembolic stroke. J Clin Neurol. 2010; 6:212–15.Google Scholar
Tan, S, Humphrey, G, Miles, P. Stroke due to carotid artery dissection. Postgrad Med J. 1991; 67:588–9.Google Scholar
Harms, H, Prass, K, Meisel, C, et al. Preventive antibacterial therapy in acute ischemic stroke: A randomised controlled trial (PATHERIS). PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(5):e2158.Google Scholar
Ling, L, He, X, Zeng, J, Lian, G Z. In-hospital cerebrovascular complications following orthotopic liver transplantation: A retrospective study. BMC Neurology. 2008; 8:52.Google Scholar
Joshi, D, Dickel, T, Aga, R, Smith-Laing, G. Stroke in inflammatory bowel disease: A report of two cases and review of the literature. Thrombosis Journal. 2008; 6:2.Google Scholar
Moris, G. Inflammatory bowel disease: An increased risk factor for neurologic complications. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014; 20:1228–37.Google Scholar
Cognat, E, Crassard, I, Denier, C, Vahedi, K, Bousser, M G. Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: eight cases and literature review. Int J Stroke. 2011; 6:487–92.Google Scholar
Andersohn, F, Waring, M, Garbe, E. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with Crohn’s disease: A population-based nested case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16:1387–92.Google Scholar
Singh, S, Singh, H, Loftus, E V Jr., Pardi, D S. Risk of cerebrovascular accidents and ischemic heart disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2014; 12:382–93.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Y, Nishiyama, Y, Katsura, K, Yamazaki, M, Katayama, Y. Hepatic encephalopathy with reversible focal neurologic signs resembling acute stroke: case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011; 20:377–80.Google Scholar
Brosch, J R, Janicki, M J. Intra-arterial thrombolysis as an ideal treatment for inflammatory bowel disease related thromboembolic stroke: A case report and review. Int J Neurosci. 2012; 122:541–4.Google Scholar
Chen, H, Wang, C, Lee, H, et al. Short-term case fatality rate and associated factors among inpatients with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state: A hospital-based analysis over a 15 year period. Inter Med. 2010; 49:729–37.Google Scholar
Foster, J R, Morrison, G, Fraser, D D. Diabetic ketoacidosis-associated stroke in children. Stroke Research and Treatment. 2011; doi:10.4061/2011/219706.Google Scholar
Wahlgren, N, Ahmed, N, Eriksson, N, et al. Multivariable analysis of outcome predictors and adjustment of main outcome results to baseline data profile in randomised controlled trials. Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST). Stroke. 2008; 39:3316–22.Google Scholar
Hacke, W, Kaste, M, Bluhmki, E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischaemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:1371–29.Google Scholar
Bellolio, M F, Gilmore, R M, Stead, L G. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 9:CD005346.Google Scholar
Hardie, K, Hankey, G J, Jamrozik, K, Broadhurst, R J, Anderson, C. Ten year survival after first-ever stroke in the Perth community stroke study. Stroke. 2003; 34:1842–6.Google Scholar
Douglas, I J, Smeeth, L. Exposure to antipsychotics and risk of stroke: self controlled case series study. BMJ. 2008; 337a1277, doi:10.1136/bmj.a1277.Google Scholar
Wang, S, Liknkletter, C, Dore, D, et al. Age, antipsychotics, and the risk of ischemic stroke in the veterans health administration. Stroke. 2012; 43:28–31.Google Scholar
Lin, H C, Hsiao, F H, Pfeiffer, S, Hwang, Y T, Lee, H S. An increased risk of stroke among young schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2008; 101:234–41.Google Scholar
Pan, A, Okereke, O I, Sun, Q, et al. Depression and incident stroke in women. Stroke. 2011; 42:2770–5.Google Scholar
Chernyshev, O Y, Martin-Schild, S, Albright, KC, et al. Safety of tPA in stroke mimics and neuroimaging-negative cerebral ischemia. Neurology. 2010; 74:1340–5.Google Scholar
References
Farooq, M U, Reeves, M J, Gargano, J, et al. In-hospital stroke in a statewide registry. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 25:12–20.Google Scholar
Blacker, D J, Wijdicks, E F. Clinical characteristics and mechanisms of stroke after polytrauma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004; 79:630–5.Google Scholar
Lucas, C, Moulin, T, Deplanque, D, Tatu, L, Chavot, D. Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 patients. Stroke. 1998; 29:2646–8.Google Scholar
Mokri, B, Piepgras, D G, Houser, O W. Traumatic dissections of the extracranial internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1988; 68:189–97.Google Scholar
Ringer, A J, Matern, E, Parikh, S, Levine, N B. Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury: selection criteria for use of angiography. J Neurosurg. 2010; 112:1146–9.Google Scholar
Wang, A C, Charters, M A, Thawani, J P, et al. Evaluating the use and utility of noninvasive angiography in diagnosing traumatic blunt cerebrovascular injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 72:1601–10.Google Scholar
Clancy, T V, Gary, M J, Covington, D L, Brinker, C C, Blackman, D. A statewide analysis of level I and II trauma centers for patients with major injuries. J Trauma. 2001; 51:346–51.Google Scholar
Corti, R, Alerci, M, Tosi, C, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Cerebral arterial embolism from a protruding atheroma of the aortic arch after a nonpenetrating chest trauma. Circulation. 1999; 100:1009–10.Google Scholar
Dennis, M S, Lo, K M, McDowall, M, West, T. Fractures after stroke. Stroke. 2002; 33:728–34.Google Scholar
Jauch, E C, Saver, J L, Adams, H P, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013; 44:870–947.Google Scholar
Ahmad, N, Ward, E, Natarajan, I, Roffe, C. Intravenous stroke thrombolysis in the presence of traumatic bone fractures. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012; Supp 2:83.Google Scholar
Cohen, J E, Gomori, J M, Grigoriadis, S, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis and stent placement for traumatic carotid dissection with subsequent stroke: A combined simultaneous endovascular approach. J Neurol Sciences. 2008; 269:172–5.Google Scholar
Sugrue, P A, Hage, Z A, Surdell, D L, et al. Basilar artery occlusion following C1 lateral mass fracture managed by mechanical and pharmacological thrombolysis. Neurocritical Care. 2009; 11:255–60.Google Scholar
Furlan, A J. Endovascular therapy for stroke: it’s about time. N Engl J Med. 2015; 45:35–8.Google Scholar
Powers, W J, Derdeyn, C P, Biller, J, et al. AHA/ASA focused update of the 2013 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke regarding endovascular treatment. Stroke. 2015; published before print June 29, 2015.Google Scholar
Stein, D M, Boswell, S, Sliker, C W, Lui, F Y, Scalea, T M. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: does treatment always matter? J Trauma. 2009; 66:132–43.Google Scholar
Cothren, C C, Biffl, W L, Moore, E E, Kashuk, J L, Johnson, J L. Treatment for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: equivalence of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents. Arch Surg. 2009; 144:685–90.Google Scholar
Callcut, R A, Hanseman, D J, Solan, P D, et al. Early treatment of blunt cerebrovascular injury with concomitant hemorrhagic neurological injury is safe and effective. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 72:338–45.Google Scholar
Davis, J W, Holbrook, T L, Hoyt, D B, et al. Blunt carotid dissection: incidence, associated injuries, screening and treatment. J Trauma. 1990; 30:1514–17.Google Scholar
Anson, J, Cromwell, R M. Cervicocranial arterial dissection. Neurosurgery. 1991; 29:89–96.Google Scholar
Wahl, W L, Brandt, M M, Thompson, B G, Taheri, P A, Greefield, L J. Antiplatelet therapy: an alternative to heparin for blunt carotid injury. J Trauma. 2002; 52:896–901.Google Scholar
Cothren, C C, Moore, E E, Biffl, W L, et al. Anticoagulation is the gold standard therapy for blunt carotid injuries to reduce stroke rate. Arch Surg. 2004; 139:545–6.Google Scholar
DiCocco, J M, Fabian, T C, Emmett, K P, et al. Optimal outcomes for patients with blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI): tailoring treatment to the lesion. J Am Coll Surg. 2011; 212:547–9.Google Scholar
Cothren, C C, Moore, E E, Ray, C E, et al. Carotid artery stents for blunt cerebrovascular injury: risks exceed benefits. Arch Surg. 2005; 140:480–5.Google Scholar
International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both or neither among 19 435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1997; 349:1569–81.Google Scholar
Chen, Y H, Kang, J H, Lin, H C. Patients with traumatic brain injury. Population-based study suggests increased risk of stroke. Stroke. 2011; 42:2733–9.Google Scholar
Glenn, M B. Sudden cardiac death and stroke with use of antipsychotic medications: Implications for clinicians treating individuals with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010; 25:68–70.Google Scholar
Wu, J C, Chen, Y C, Liu, L, et al. Increased risk of stroke after spinal cord injury. Neurology. 2012; 78:1051–7.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P M. Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011; 13:177–86.Google Scholar
Weinhardt, J, Jacobson, K. Stroke assessment in the perioperative patient. Orthop Nurs. 2012; 31:21–6.Google Scholar