This chapter begins with an introduction to candidate neuroimaging and electrophysiological measures drawn from large-scale studies of children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) conducted with high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). It illustrates the components of translational electrophysiological research in ASD with studies in rats and in a specific mouse model incorporating environmental exposure to toxins. One of the challenges for translational research in autism is in implementing a nonhuman animal model system that allows meaningful translation. Given the high degree of heritability of ASD, ASD models in preclinical settings that introduce the orthologous genetic perturbations identified in the clinical population show great promise for uncovering the pathophysiology of the disease and new targets for therapeutic intervention. The identification and validation of neural endophenotypes in autism have begun to help overcome many of the difficulties associated with preclinical, translational investigation.