Book contents
Section 3 - Antenatal Care
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 May 2018
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Renal Disease in Pregnancy , pp. 47 - 100Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
References
References
Limardo, M, Imbasciati, E, Ravani, P, Surian, M, Torres, D, Gregorini, G, et al. Pregnancy and progression of IgA nephropathy: Results of an Italian multicenter study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;56(3):506–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alsuwaida, A, Mousa, D, Al-Harbi, A, Alghonaim, M, Ghareeb, S, Alrukhaimi, MN. Impact of early chronic kidney disease on maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2011;24(12):1432–1436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Attini, R, Vasario, E, Conijn, A, Biolcati, M, D’Amico, F, et al. Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease: A challenge in all CKD stages. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010;5(5):844–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Fassio, F, Attini, R, Parisi, S, Biolcati, M, Ferraresi, M, et al. Pregnancy in CKD: Whom should we follow and why? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(suppl 3):iii111–iii8.Google Scholar
Hladunewich, MA, Hou, S, Odutayo, A, Cornelis, T, Pierratos, A, Goldstein, M, et al. Intensive hemodialysis associates with improved pregnancy outcomes: A Canadian and United States cohort comparison. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmoodi, BK, Gansevoort, RT, Næss, IA, Lutsey, PL, Brækkan, SK, Veeger, NJGM, et al. Association of mild to moderate chronic kidney disease with venous thromboembolism: Pooled analysis of five prospective general population cohorts. Circulation 2012;126(16):1964–1971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindheimer, MD, Davison, JM, Katz, AI. The kidney and hypertension in pregnancy: Twenty exciting years. Semin Nephrol 2001;21:173–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungers, P, Chauveau, D. Pregnancy in renal disease. Kidney Int 1997;52:871–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, DC. Pregnancy complicated by chronic renal disease. Clin Perinatol 1997;24:483–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hou, S. Pregnancy in chronic renal insufficiency and end stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33:235–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungers, P, Chauveau, D, Choukroun, G, Moynot, A, Skhiri, H, Houillier, P, et al. Pregnancy in women with impaired renal function. Clin Nephrol 1997;47:281–288.Google ScholarPubMed
Jungers, P, Houillier, P, Chauveau, D, Choukroun, G, Moynot, A, Skhiri, H, et al. Pregnancy in women with reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:593–599.Google Scholar
Jones, DC, Hayslett, JP. Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency. New Engl J Med 1996;335:226–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindheimer, MD, Katz, AS. Kidney function and disease in pregnancy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1977;146–187.Google Scholar
Holley, JL, Bernardini, J, Quadric, KH, Greenberg, A, Laifer, SA. Pregnancy outcomes in a prospective matched control study of pregnancy and renal disease. Clin Nephrol 1996;45:77–82.Google Scholar
Imbasciati, E, Gregorino, G, Cabiddu, G, Gammaro, L, Ambroso, G, Del Giudice, A, et al. Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: Fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:753–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Conijn, A, Attini, R, Biolcati, M, Bossotti, C, Consiglio, V, Deagostini, MC, Todros, T. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: Need for a common language. J Nephrol 2011; 24(03): 282–299.Google Scholar
Ramin, SM, Vidaeff, AC, Yeomans, ER, Gilstrap, LC. Chronic renal disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1531–1539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallery, EDM, Brown, MA. Volume homeostasis in normal and hypertensive human pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1987;1:835–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakravarty, EF, Colon, I, Langen, ES, Nix, DA, El-Sayed, YY, Genovese, MC, et al. Factors that predict prematurity and preeclampsia in pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1897–1904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E, Petrie, J, Littler, W, de Swiet, M, Padfield, PL, O’Malley, K, et al. The British Hypertension Society protocol for the elevation of automated and semi-automated blood pressure measuring devices with special reference to ambulatory systems. J Hypertens 1990;8:607–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, WB, Berson, AS, Robbins, C, Jamieson, MJ, Prisant, LM, Roccella, E, et al. National standard for measurement of resting and ambulatory blood pressure with automated sphygmomanometers. Hypertension 1993;21:504–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, MA, Buddle, ML, Farrell, TJ, Davis, G, Jones, M. Randomised trial of management of hypertensive pregnancies by Korotkoff phase IV or phase V. Lancet 1998;352:777–781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, G, Roberts, LM, Mangos, G, Brown, MA. Comparisons of auscultatory hybrid and automated sphygmomanometers with mercury sphygmomanometry in hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women: parallel validation studies. J Hypertension. 2014 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, WO, Hernandez-Diaz, S, Arbogast, PG, Dudley, JA, Dyer, S, Gideon, PS, et al. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. New Engl J Med 2006;354:2443–2451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serreau, R, Luton, D, Macher, MA, Delezoide, AL, Garel, C, Jacqz-Aigrain, E. Developmental toxicity of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists during human pregnancy: A report of 10 cases. BJOG 2005;112:710–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bass, JK, Faix, RG. Gestational therapy with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and transient renal failure in a premature infant. Am J Perinatol 2006;23:313–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galdo, T, Gonzalez, F, Espinoza, M, Quintero, N, Espinoza, O, Herrera, S, et al. Impact of pregnancy on the function of transplanted kidneys. Transplant Proc 2005;37:1577–1579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, LA, Von Dadelszen, P, Rey, E, Ross, S, Asztalos, E, Murphy, KE, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(5):407–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, JM, Noble, MCB. Serial changes in 24 hour creatinine clearance during normal menstrual cycles and the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:10–17.Google Scholar
Akbari, A, Lepage, N, Keely, E, Clark, HD, Jaffey, J, MacKinnon, M, et al. Cystatin C and beta trace protein as markers of renal function in pregnancy. BJOG 2005;112:575–578.Google Scholar
Moodley, J, Gangaram, R, Khanyile, R, Ojwang, PJ. Serum cystatin C for assessment of glomerular filtration rate in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2004;23:309–317.Google Scholar
Ben-Haroush, A, Bardin, R, Erman, A, Hod, M, Chen, R, Kaplan, B, et al. Beta 2-microglobulin and hypertensive complications in pregnant women at risk. Clin Nephrol 2002;58:411–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levey, AS, Bosch, JP, Lewis, JB, Greene, T, Rogers, N, Roth, D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of diet in renal disease study group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, MC, Moran, P, Ward, MK, Davison, JM. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy using the MDRD formula. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2008;115:109–112.Google Scholar
Cockcroft, DW, Gault, MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuyama, H, Nobumoto, E, Okimoto, N, Inoue, S, Segawa, T, Hiramatsu, Y. Superimposed preeclampsia in women with chronic kidney disease. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2012;74(4):274–281.Google Scholar
Maynard, SE, Thadhani, R. Pregnancy and the kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2009;20(1):14–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, M, Lindheimer, MD, Davison, JM. Altered glomerular permselectivity to neutral dextrans and heteroporous membrane modelling in human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1996;270:F338–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Milne, JE, Lindheimer, MD, Davison, JM. Glomerular heteroporous membrane modelling in third trimester and post-partum before and during amino acid infusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002:282:F170–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, C, Brown, M, Dunsmuir, W, Kelly, J, Mangos, G. Can spot urine protein/creatinine ratio replace 24 h urine protein in usual clinical nephrology? Nephrology (Carlton) 2006;11:245–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gangaram, R, Ojwang, PJ, Moodley, J, Maharaj, D. The accuracy of urine dipsticks as a screening test for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2005;24: 117–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelan, LK, Brown, MA, Davis, GK, Mangos, G. A prospective study of the impact of automated dipstick urinalysis on the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2004;23:135–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, A-M, Brown, MA, Lam, EM, Von Dalelszen, P, Firoz, T, Liston, RM, Magee, LA. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary spot protein: Creatinine ratio for proteinuria in hypertensive pregnant women: Systematic review. BMJ. 2008 May 3;336(7651):1003–1006.Google Scholar
Khandelwal, M, Kumanova, M, Gaughan, JP, Reece, EA. Role of diltiazem in pregnant women with chronic renal disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12:408–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Airoldi, J, Weinstein, L. Clinical significance of proteinuria in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007;62:117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holston, AM, Qian, C, Yu, KF, Epstein, FH, Karumanchi, SA, Levine, RJ. Circulating angiogenic factors in gestational proteinuria without hypertension. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 200(4):392.e1–.e10.Google Scholar
Morikawa, M, Yamada, T, Minakami, H. Outcome of pregnancy in patients with isolated proteinuria. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;21(6):491–5 10.1097/GCO.0b013e32833040bf.Google Scholar
Osmundson, SS, Lafayette, RA, Bowen, RA, Roque, VC, Garabedian, MJ, Aziz, N. Maternal proteinuria in twin compared with singleton pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014;124(2, PART 1):332–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ronkainen, J, Ala-Houhala, M, Autio-Harmainen, H, Jahnukainen, T, Koskimies, O, Merenmies, J, et al. Long-term outcome 19 years after childhood IgA nephritis: A retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:1266–1273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Germain, S, Nelson-Piercy, C. Lupus nephritis and renal disease in pregnancy. Lupus 2006;15:148–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmonds, HA, Cameron, JS, Goldsmith, DJ, Fairbanks, LD, Raman, GV. Familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy is not a rare genetic metabolic purine disease in Britain. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2006;25:1071–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akbari, A, Wilkes, P, Lindheimer, M, Lepage, N, Filler, G. Reference intervals for anion gap and strong ion difference in pregnancy: A pilot study. Hypertens Pregnancy 2007;26:111–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, MA, Wang, M-X, Buddle, ML, Calton, MA, Cario, GM, Zammit, VC, et al. Albumin excretory rate in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Clin Sci 1994;86:251–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, MA, Sinosich, MJ, Saunders, DM, Gallery, EDM. Potassium regulation and progesterone aldosterone interrelationships in human pregnancy: A prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:349–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, JM, Sheills, EA, Philips, PR, Lindheimer, MD. Serial evaluation of vasopressin release and thirst in human pregnancy: Role of human chorionic gonadotrophin in the osmoregulatory changes of gestation. J Clin Invest 1988;81:789–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, TF, Magee, K, Cunningham, FG. Pregnancy and renal tubular acidosis. Am J Perinatol 1999;16:189–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firmin, CJ, Kruger, TF, Davids, R. Proximal renal tubular acidosis in pregnancy: A case report and literature review. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;63(1):39–44. Epub 2006 Aug 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, DH, Finch, J, Nakagawa, T, Karumanchi, SA, Kanellis, J, Granger, J, et al. Uric acid, endothelial dysfunction and pre-eclampsia: Searching for a pathogenetic link. J Hypertension 2004;22:229–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schackis, RC. Hyperuricaemia and preeclampsia: Is there a pathogenic link? Med Hypotheses 2004;63:239–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trevisan, G, Ramos, JG, Martins-Costa, S, Barros, EJ. Pregnancy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency at Hospital de Clinicas of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Ren Fail 2004;26:29–34.Google Scholar
Schwartz, MA, Wang, CC, Eckert, LO, Critchlow, CW. Risk factors for urinary tract infection in the post-partum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:547–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukowski, TP, Betrus, GG, Aquilina, JW, Perimutter, AD. Urinary tract infections and pregnancy in women who underwent antireflux surgery in childhood. J Urol 1998;159:1286–1289.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Zammit, VC, Mitar, DM. Extracellular fluid volumes in pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 1992;10:61–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashiwagi, M, Breymann, C, Huch, R, Huch, A. Hypertension in a pregnancy with renal anemia after recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2002;267:54–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askie, LM, Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Stewart, LA, PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2007;369:1791–1798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coomarasamy, A, Honest, H, Papaioannou, S, Gee, H, Khan, KS. Aspirin for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with historical risk factors: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1319–1332.Google Scholar
Masuyama, H, Nobumoto, E, Okimoto, N, Inoue, S, Segawa, T, Hiramatsu, Y. Superimposed preeclampsia in women with chronic kidney disease. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2012;74(4):274–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolfo, A, Attini, R, Nuzzo, A, Piazzese, A, Parisi, S, Ferraresi, M, Todros, T, Piccoli, G. Chronic kidney disease may be differentially diagnosed from pre-eclampsia by serum biomarkers. Kidney International 2013;83(1):177–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toal, M, Chan, C, Fallah, S, Alkazaleh, F, Chaddha, V, Windrim, RC, et al. Usefulness of a placental profile in high-risk pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:363.e1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaijomaa, M, Rahkonen, L, Ulander, VM, Hamalainen, E, Alfthan, H, Markkanen, H et al. Low maternal pregnancy-associated plasma protein A during the first trimester of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2017;136(1):76–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cararach, V, Casals, E, Martinez, S, Carmona, F, Aibar, C, Quinto, LI, et al. Abnormal renal function as a cause of false-positive biochemical screening for Down’s syndrome. Lancet. 1997;350(9087):1295–.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benachi, A, Dreux, S, Kaddioui-Maalej, S, Czerkiewicz, I, Fakhouri, F, Thervet, E, et al. Down syndrome maternal serum screening in patients with renal disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;203(1).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, PJ, Liu, CM, Chang, SD, Lin, YT, Soong, YK. Elevated second-trimester maternal serum hCG in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Prenatal Diag 1999;19(10):955–958.Google Scholar
Schulman, LP, Briggs, R, Phillips, OP, Friedman, SA, Sibai, B. Renal hemodialysis and maternal serum triple analyte screening. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 1998;13:26–28.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: The management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 2010. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg107Google Scholar
References
Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, Neilson, J, Shakespeare, J, Kurinczuk, JJ (eds.) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care – Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford 2014.Google Scholar
Department of Health: National Audit Office. Maternity services in England: Nov. 2013. London: Department of Health, 2013.Google Scholar
National Institute of Clinical Excellence. NICE Guideline 62 – Antenatal care Issued: March 2008 last modified: December 2014. From: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62.Google Scholar
Bar, J, Ben-Rafael, Z, Padoa, A, Orvieto, R, Boner, G, Hod, M. Prediction of pregnancy outcome in subgroups of women with renal disease. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53:437–444.Google ScholarPubMed
Smyth, A, Radovic, M, Garovic, V. Women, renal disease and pregnancy. Adv Chr Kidney Disease Dis. 2013 Sep: 20(5):402–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Flynn, N, Staniszewska, S. Improving the experience of care for people using NHS services: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2012;344:d6422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, H, Askham, J. Women’s views about the safety in maternity care: A qualitative study. London: King’s Fund, 2007.Google Scholar
Nursing and Midwifery Council. The code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives. 2015. From: www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/NMC-Publications/revised-new-NMC-Code.pdf.Google Scholar
Berg, M, Dahlberg, K, A phenomenological study of women’s experiences of complicated childbirth. Midwifery 1998; 14:23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, M. The midwife–mother relationship. In Midwifery relationships with childbearing women at increased risk (2nd edn.). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010, chapter 10.Google Scholar
Barry, MJ, Edgman-Levitan, S. Shared decision making – pinnacle of patient-centred care. New England Journal of Medicine 2012; 366:780–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodwell, M. A patient’s perspective. British Journal of Renal Medicine 2013;18(1) Supplement: 6–7.Google Scholar
NHS Antenatal and Newborn Screening Programme, April 2017. Public Health England.Google Scholar
National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: The management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. NICE guidelines [CG107] August 2010.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guidance for midwives, health visitors, pharmacists and other primary care services to improve the nutrition of pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and children in low income households. 2008.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Green-top Guideline No 37a: Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and puerperium. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Press Nov 2009.Google Scholar
Lee, S, Ayers, S, Holden, D. A metasynthesis of risk perception in women with high risk pregnancies. Midwifery 2014;30(4):403–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, S, Nelson-Piercy, C. Management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. BMJ 2011;342:d3606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2014). “CG190: Intrapartum care: Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth.” From: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Feb 2015.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.Google Scholar
NHS England. Statistical Release: Breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding prevalence 6–8 weeks. Department of Health, Jan 2015.Google Scholar
Dodwell, M, Newburn, M. Normal birth as a measure of the quality of care. In Evidence on safety, effectiveness and women’s experiences. London: National Childbirth Trust, 2010.Google Scholar
Berg, M, Dahlberg, K. Swedish midwives’ care of women who are at high obstetric risk or who have obstetric complications. Midwifery 2001;17:259–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
McCarthy, M. Use of prescription drugs is common during pregnancy, US study finds. BMJ 2015; 351: h4421.Google Scholar
Briggs, GG, Freeman, RK, Yaffe, SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA; London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.Google Scholar
Koren, G, Pastuszak, A, Ito, S. Drugs in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(16): 1128–1137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garbis, H, Elefant, E, Diav-Citrin, O, Mastroiacovo, P, Schaefer, C, Vial, T, et al. Pregnancy outcome after exposure to ranitidine and other H2-blockers: A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 19(4): 453–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs – effects on mother and child. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(12): 1281–1293.Google Scholar
Fischer, MJ. Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: Maternal and fetal outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2007; 14(2): 132–145.Google Scholar
Levey, AS, Bosch, JP, Lewis, JB, Greene, T, Rogers, N, Roth, D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130(6): 461–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watnick, S, Rueda, J. Reproduction and contraception after kidney transplantation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gyneacology 2008; 19(3): 308–318.Google Scholar
Deshpande, NA et al. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Transplantation 2011; 11(11): 2388–2404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Best Practice Guidelines for Renal Transplantation. Section IV: Long-Term Management of the Transplant Recipient. IV.10. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 Suppl. 4: 50–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Götestam Skorpen, C, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2016; 75: 795–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park-Wyllie, L, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: Prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000; 62(6): 385–392.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hviid, A, Molgaarg-Nielsen, D. Corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of orofacial clefts. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2011; 183(7): 796–804.Google Scholar
Hou, S. Pregnancy in chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33(2): 235–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Empson, M, Lassere, M, Craig, J, Scott, J. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (2): CD002859.Google Scholar
Ostensen, M, Khamashta, M, Lockshin, M, Parke, A, Brucato, A, Carp, H, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8(3): 209.Google Scholar
Armenti, VT, Radomski, JS, Moritz, MJ, Philips, LZ, McGrory, CH, Coscia, LA. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2000; 123–134.Google Scholar
Greenberger, PA, Odeh, YK, Frederiksen, MC, Atkinson, AJ Jr. Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone transfer to breast milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53(3): 324–328.Google Scholar
Saarikoski, S, Seppala, M. Immunosuppression during pregnancy: Transmission of azathioprine and its metabolites from the mother to the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 115(8): 1100–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, CD, Tutuncu, ZN, Johnson, D, Jones, KL. Human pregnancy safety for agents used to treat rheumatoid arthritis: Adequacy of available information and strategies for developing post-marketing data. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8(4): 215.Google Scholar
Davison, JM, Dellagrammatikas, H, Parkin, JM. Maternal azathioprine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92(3): 233–239.Google Scholar
Armenti, VT, Ahlswede, KM, Ahlswede, BA, Jarrell, BE, Moritz, MJ, Burke, JF. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry – outcomes of 154 pregnancies in ciclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 57(4): 502–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibanda, N, Briggs, JD, Davison, JM, Johnson, RJ, Rudge, CJ. Pregnancy after organ transplantation: A report from the UK Transplant Pregnancy Registry. Transplantation 2007; 83(10): 1301–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA, Armenti, VT, August, P, Coscia, LA, Davis, CL, et al. Reproduction and transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5(7): 1592–1529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sau, A, Clarke, S, Bass, J, Kaiser, A, Marinaki, A, Nelson-Piercy, C. Azathioprine and breastfeeding: Is it safe? Bjog 2007; 114(4): 498–501.Google Scholar
Christensen, LA, Dahlerup, JF, Nielsen, M, Fallingborg, J, Schmiegelow, K. Azathioprine treatment during lactation. Ailment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 1209–1213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venkataramanan, R, Koneru, B, Wang, CC, Burckart, GJ, Caritis, SN, Starzl, TE. Ciclosporine and its metabolites in mother and baby. Transplantation 1988; 46(3): 468–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar Oz, B, Hackman, R, Einarson, T, Koren, G. Pregnancy outcome after ciclosporine therapy during pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Transplantation 2001; 71(8): 1051–1055.Google Scholar
Satchell, S, Moppett, J, Quinn, M, Nicholls, A. Pregnancy, tacrolimus, and renal transplantation: Survival of a 358-g baby (letter). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15(12): 2065–2066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebert, M, Zheng, S, Hays, K, Shen, D, Davis, C, Umans, J, Miodovnik, M, Thummel, K, Easterling, T. Interpreting tacrolimus concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum. Transplantation 2013; 95(7): 908–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armenti, VT, Radomski, JS, Moritz, MJ, Gaughan, WJ, Hecker, WP, Lavelanet, A, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2004: 103–114.Google Scholar
Fischer, T, Neumayer, HH, Fischer, R, Barenbrock, M, Schobel, HP, Lattrell, BC, et al. Effect of pregnancy on long-term kidney function in renal transplant recipients treated with ciclosporine and with azathioprine. Am J Transplant 2005; 5(11): 2732–2739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, S, Easterling, T, Umans, J, Miodovnik, M, Calamia, J, Thummel, K, Shen, D, Davis, C, Herbert, M. Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus during pregnancy. Ther Drug Monit 2012; 34(6): 660–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, C, Hewins, P, Sheikh, L, Kilby, M, McPake, D, Lipkin, G. Cholestasis in pregnancy associated with ciclosporin therapy in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2006; 19(12): 1026–1029.Google Scholar
Ono, E, et al. Immunophenotypic profile and increased risk of hospital admission for infection in infants born to female kidney transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation; 15(6): 1654–1665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, CW, Gottlieb, R, Zager, R, Eisenberg, J, Richmond, R, Moritz, MJ, et al. Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving ciclosporine post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc 1999; 31(1–2): 241–242.Google Scholar
Tendron-Franzin, A, Gouyon, JB, Guignard, JP, Decramer, S, Justrabo, E, Gilbert, T, et al. Long-term effects of in utero exposure to cyclosporin A on renal function in the rabbit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(10): 2687–2693.Google Scholar
Giudice, PL, Dubourg, L, Hadj-Aissa, A, Said, MH, Claris, O, Audra, P, et al. Renal function of children exposed to cyclosporin in utero. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15(10): 1575–1579.Google Scholar
Munoz-Flores-Thiagarajan, KD, Easterling, T, Davis, C, Bond, EF. Breast-feeding by a ciclosporine-treated mother. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97(5 Pt 2): 816–818.Google Scholar
Moretti, ME, Sgro, M, Johnson, DW, Sauve, RS, Woolgar, MJ, Taddio, A, et al. Ciclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation 2003; 75(12): 2144–2146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahiff, C, Moss, A. Ciclosporine in the management of severe ulcerative colitis while breast-feeding. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17(7): E78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osadchy, A, Koren, G. Ciclosporine and lactation: When the mother is willing to breastfeed. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33(2): 147–148.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Chusney, G, Lee, J, Lightstone, L, Nelson-Piercy, C. Breastfeeding and tacrolimus: Serial monitoring in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8(4): 563–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Cruz, DP, Khamashta, MA, Hughes, GR. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 2007; 369(9561): 587–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tjeertes, IF, Bastiaans, DE, van Ganzewinkel, CJ, Zegers, SH. Neonatal anemia and hydrops fetalis after maternal mycophenolate mofetil use. J Perinatol 2007; 27(1): 62–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoeltzenbein, M, Elefant, E, Vial, T, Finkel‐Pekarsky, V, Stephens, S, Clementi, M, Allignol, A, Weber-Schoendorfer, C, Schaefer, C. Teratogenicity of mycophenolate confirmed in a prospective study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services. Am J Med Genet 2012; Part A; 158(3): 588–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A, Clary, M, McDermott, E, Coscia, L, Constantinescu, S, Moritz, M, Armenti, V. Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to mycophenolic acid products. Prog Transplant 2013; 23(2): 153–157.Google Scholar
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Drug Safety Update: Mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid new pregnancy-prevention advice for women and men. Published December 14, 2015. www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/mycophenolate-mofetil-mycophenolic-acid-new-pregnancy-prevention-advice-for-women-and-men.Google Scholar
Hall, M, et al. Recommendations for men taking mycophenolate derivatives and pregnancy following MHRA recommendations. Published November 5, 2016. www.renal.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/mycophenolate-and-fathers-to-be-letter-may-2016da90a131181561659443ff000014d4d8.pdf?sfvrsn=0.Google Scholar
Zuber, J, Anglicheau, D, Elie, C, Bererhi, L, Timsit, M, Mamzer-Bruneei, L, Ciroldi, M, Martinez, F, Snanoudj, R, Hiesse, C, Kreis, Eustach F, Laborde, K, Thervet, E, Legendre, C. Sirolimus may reduce fertility in male renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2008; 8(7): 1471–1479.Google Scholar
Braun, M. et al. Ovarian toxicity from sirolimus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1062–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coscia, L, Constantinescu, S, Moritz, M, Frank, A, Ramirez, C, Maley, W, Doria, C, McGrory, C, Armenti, V. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Los Angeles. Clinical Transplants, 2010; 65–85.Google Scholar
Sifontis, NM, Coscia, LA, Constantinescu, S, Lavelanet, AF, Moritz, MJ, Armenti, VT. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation 2006; 82(12): 1698–1702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valente, JF, Hricik, D, Weigel, K, Seaman, D, Knauss, T, Siegel, CT, et al. Comparison of sirolimus vs. mycophenolate mofetil on surgical complications and wound healing in adult kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2003; 3(9): 1128–1134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roos, S, Jansson, N, Palmberg, I, Saljo, K, Powell, TL, Jansson, T. Mammalian target of rapamycin in the human placenta regulates leucine transport and is down-regulated in restricted fetal growth. J Physiol 2007; 582(Pt 1): 449–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ton, E, Tekstra, J, Hellmann, P, Nuver-Zwart, I, Bijlsma, J. Safety of rituximab therapy during twins’ pregnancy. Rheumatology 2011; 50(4): 806–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brian, L, Jentoft, M, Porrata, L, Boyce, T, Witzig, T. Single-agent rituximab for primary CNS lymphoma during pregnancy as a bridge to definitive management. Journal of Clin Oncol 2014; 32(7): e14–e17.Google Scholar
Chakraverty, E, Murray, E, Kelman, A, Farmer, P. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to rituximab. Blood 2011; 117(5): 1499–1506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardissino, G, Ossola, M, Baffero, G, Rigotti, A, Cugno, M. Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in pregnancy. Obstet Gyneacol 2013; 122(2): 487–489.Google Scholar
Mussoni, M, Veneziano, A, Boetti, L, Tassi, C, Calisesi, C, Nucci, S, Rigotto, A, Panzini, I, Ardissino, G. Innovative therapeutic approach: Sequential treatment with plasma exchange and eculizumab in a pregnant woman affected by atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Transfus Apher Sci 2014; 51(2): 134–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, R et al. Eculizumab in pregnant patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobulinuria. New England Journal of Medicine 2015; 373: 1032–1039.Google Scholar
Cassina, M, Johnson, D, Robinson, L, Braddock, S, Xu, R, Jiminez, J, Mirrasoul, N, Salas, E, Luo, Y, Jones, K, Chambers, C. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to leflunomide before or during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64(7): 2085–2094.Google Scholar
Chambers, C, Johnson, D, Robinson, L, Braddock, S, Xu, R, Lopez-Jimenez, J, Mirrasoul, N, Salas, E, Luo, Y, Jin, S, Jones, K. Organisations of Teratology Information Specialists Collaborative Research Group: Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 1494–1503.Google Scholar
Milman, N, Graudal, N, Nielsen, OJ, Agger, AO. Serum erythropoietin during normal pregnancy: Relationship to hemoglobin and iron status markers and impact of iron supplementation in a longitudinal, placebo-controlled study on 118 women. Int J Hematol 1997; 66(2): 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magee, L, Von Dadelszen, P, Darley, J, Beguin, Y. Erythropoiesis and renal transplant pregnancy. Clin Transplant 2000; 14(2): 127–135.Google Scholar
Schneider, H, Malek, A. Lack of permeability of the human placenta for erythropoietin. J Perinat Med 1995; 23(1–2): 71–76.Google Scholar
Hou, SH. Frequency and outcome of pregnancy in women on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23(1): 60–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szurkowski, M, Wiecek, A, Kokot, F, Daniel, K. Safety and efficiency of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in anemic pregnant women with a kidney transplant. Nephron 1994; 67(2): 242–243.Google Scholar
Okundaye, I, Abrinko, P, Hou, S. Registry of pregnancy in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31(5): 766–764.Google Scholar
Chao, AS, Huang, JY, Lien, R, Kung, FT, Chen, PJ, Hsieh, PC. Pregnancy in women who undergo long-term hemodialysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187(1): 152–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toma, H, Tanabe, K, Tokumoto, T, Kobayashi, C, Yagisawa, T. Pregnancy in women receiving renal dialysis or transplantation in Japan: a nationwide survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14(6): 1511–1516.Google Scholar
Sienas, L, Wong, T, Collins, R, Smith, J. Contemporary uses of erythropoietin in pregnancy: A literature review. Obs and Gyn Survey 2013; 68(8): 594–602.Google Scholar
Kashiwagi, M, Breymann, C, Huch, R, Huch, A. Hypertension in a pregnancy with renal anemia after recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2002; 267(1): 54–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorp, M, Pulliam, J. Use of recombinant erythropoietin in a pregnant renal transplant recipient. Am J Nephrol 1998; 18(5): 448–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reveiz, L, Gyte, GM, Cuervo, LG. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD003094.Google Scholar
Al, R, Unlubilgin, E, Kandemir, O, Yalvac, S, Cakir, L, Haberal, A. Intravenous versus oral iron for treatment of anemia in pregnancy: A randomized trial. Obstetrics and Gyneacology 2005; 106(6): 1335–1340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhandal, N, Russell, R. Intravenous versus oral therapy for postpartum. BJOG. 2006; 113: 1248–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Medicines Agency (EMEA). Assessment report for: Iron containing intravenous (IV) medicinal products. [Online] EMEA 2013. www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/IV_iron_31/WC500150771.pdf.Google Scholar
Nadarasa, K, Bailey, M, Chahal, H, Raja, O, Bhat, R, Gayle, C, Grossman, A, Druce, M. The use of cinacalcet in pregnancy to treat a complex case of parathyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2014; 2014: 140056.Google Scholar
Edling, K, Korenman, S, Janzen, C, Sohsman, M, Apple, S, Bhuta, S, Yeh, M. A pregnant dilemma: Primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyromatosis in pregnancy. Endocr Pract. 2014; 20(2): e14–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horjus, C, Groot, I, Telting, D, Van Setten, P, Van Sorge, A, Kovacs, C, Hermus, A, de Boer, H. Cinacalcet for hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy and puerperium. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 22(8): 741–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenyon, S, Taylor, DJ, Tarnow-Mordi, WO, ORACLE Collaborative Group. ORACLE–antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes: Short-term and long-term outcomes. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2002; 91(437): 12–15.Google Scholar
Kenyon, S, Boulvain, M, Neilson, JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 12: CD001058.Google Scholar
Williams, M, Spencer, R. Caesarean section: Summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2011; 343: d7108.Google Scholar
Benyamini, L, Merlob, P, Stahl, B, et al. The safety of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefuroxime during lactation. Ther Drug Monit. 2005; 27: 499–502.Google Scholar
Ben David, S, Einarson, T, Ben David, Y, et al. The safety of nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy: Meta-analysis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1995; 9: 503–507.Google Scholar
Czeizel, AE, Rockenbauer, M, Sorensen, HT, et al. Nitrofurantoin and congenital abnormalities. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 95: 119–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): Management of suspected bacterial urinary tract infections in adults. Edinburgh: SIGN, 2012 (SIGN guidance No. 88) [Online]. www.sign.ac.uk.Google Scholar
Pagliaro, LA, Levin, RH: Problems in pediatric drug therapy. Hamilton, IL: Drug Intell Publications, 1979.Google Scholar
Miller, RD, Salter, AJ. The passage of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole into breast milk and its significance. Progress in chemotherapy: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Chemotherapy, Athens, 1973, 687–691.Google Scholar
Anon. Committee on Drugs & American Academy of Pediatrics: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994; 93, 137–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loebstein, R, Addis, A, Ho, E, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: A multicenter prospective controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42(6): 1336–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, C, et al. Pregnancy outcome after prenatal quinolone exposure: evaluation of a case registry of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996; 69(2): 83–89.Google Scholar
Harmon, T, Burkhart, G. Perforated pseudomembranous colitis in the breast-fed infant. J Ped Surg 1992; 27(6): 744–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshida, M, Matsuda, H, Furuya, K. Successful prognosis of brain abscess during pregnancy. J Reprod Infertil. 2013; 14(3): 152–155.Google ScholarPubMed
References
K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2004; 43: S1–290.Google Scholar
Mailloux, LU, Haley, WE. Hypertension in the ESRD patient: Pathophysiology, therapy, outcomes, and future directions. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998; 32: 705–719.Google Scholar
Ong, KL, Cheung, BM, Man, YB, Lau, CP, Lam, KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007; 49: 69–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarafidis, PA, Li, S, Chen, SC, Collins, AJ, Brown, WW, Klag, MJ, Bakris, GL. Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic kidney disease. The American journal of medicine. 2008; 121: 332–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Wijk, BL, Klungel, OH, Heerdink, ER, de Boer, A. Rate and determinants of 10-year persistence with antihypertensive drugs. Journal of hypertension. 2005; 23: 2101–2107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarnak, MJ, Levey, AS, Schoolwerth, AC, Coresh, J, Culleton, B, Hamm, LL, McCullough, PA, Kasiske, BL, Kelepouris, E, Klag, MJ, Parfrey, P, Pfeffer, M, Raij, L, Spinosa, DJ, Wilson, PW. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2154–2169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanholder, R, Massy, Z, Argiles, A, Spasovski, G, Verbeke, F, Lameire, N. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2005; 20: 1048–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baigent, C, Burbury, K, Wheeler, D. Premature cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Lancet. 2000; 356: 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klag, MJ, Whelton, PK, Randall, BL, Neaton, JD, Brancati, FL, Ford, CE, Shulman, NB, Stamler, J. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. The New England journal of medicine. 1996; 334: 13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saftlas, AF, Olson, DR, Franks, AL, Atrash, HK, Pokras, R. Epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in the United States, 1979–1986. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163: 460–465.Google Scholar
Bateman, BT, Bansil, P, Hernandez-Diaz, S, Mhyre, JM, Callaghan, WM, Kuklina, EV. Prevalence, trends, and outcomes of chronic hypertension: A nationwide sample of delivery admissions. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2012; 206: 134 e1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, MKS, Brocklehurst, P, Neilson, J, Shakespeare, J, Kurinczuk, JJ (eds.) on behalf of MBRRACEUK. 2014. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care – Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12; 2014.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Parnell, B, Nelson-Piercy, C, Seed, PT, Poston, L, Chappell, LC. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2014; 348: g2301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, C, Hewins, P, Hildebrand, S, Sheikh, L, Taylor, G, Kilby, M, Lipkin, G. The role of renal biopsy in women with kidney disease identified in pregnancy. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2008; 23: 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferraro, A, Somerset, DA, Lipkin, G, Al-Jayyousi, R, Carr, S, Brunskill, N, Kilby, MD. Pregnancy in women with pre-existing renal disease: Maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2005; 25: S13.Google Scholar
Tuuli, MG, Rampersad, R, Stamilio, D, Macones, G, Odibo, AO. Perinatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia: Do they differ? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2011; 204: 508 e1–7.Google Scholar
Chappell, LC, Enye, S, Seed, P, Briley, AL, Poston, L, Shennan, AH. Adverse perinatal outcomes and risk factors for preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: A prospective study. Hypertension. 2008; 51: 1002–1009.Google Scholar
Staff, AC, Benton, SJ, von Dadelszen, P, Roberts, JM, Taylor, RN, Powers, RW, Charnock-Jones, DS, Redman, CW. Redefining preeclampsia using placenta-derived biomarkers. Hypertension. 2013/03/06 ed; 2013.Google Scholar
Verlohren, S, Galindo, A, Schlembach, D, Zeisler, H, Herraiz, I, Moertl, MG, Pape, J, Dudenhausen, JW, Denk, B, Stepan, H. An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 202: 161 e1–e11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verlohren, S, Herraiz, I, Lapaire, O, Schlembach, D, Moertl, M, Zeisler, H, Calda, P, Holzgreve, W, Galindo, A, Engels, T, Denk, B, Stepan, H. The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2012; 206: 58 e1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benton, SJ, Hu, Y, Xie, F, Kupfer, K, Lee, SW, Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P. Angiogenic factors as diagnostic tests for preeclampsia: A performance comparison between two commercial immunoassays. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011.Google Scholar
Chappell, LC, Duckworth, S, Seed, PT, Griffin, M, Myers, J, Mackillop, L, Simpson, N, Waugh, J, Anumba, D, Kenny, LC, Redman, CW, Shennan, AH. Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor in women with suspected preeclampsia: A prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2013; 128: 2121–2131.Google Scholar
Hund, M, Verhagen-Kamerbeek, W, Reim, M, Messinger, D, van der Does, R, Stepan, H. Influence of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio on clinical decision-making in women with suspected preeclampsia – the PreOS study protocol. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2015; 34: 102–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hund, M, Allegranza, D, Schoedl, M, Dilba, P, Verhagen-Kamerbeek, W, Stepan, H. Multicenter prospective clinical study to evaluate the prediction of short-term outcome in pregnant women with suspected preeclampsia (PROGNOSIS): Study protocol. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2014; 14: 324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bramham, K, Seed, PT, Lightstone, L, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gill, C, Webster, P, Poston, L, Chappell, LC. Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for pre-eclampsia in patients with established hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney international. 2016; 89: 874–885.Google Scholar
Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P, Rey, E, Ross, S, Asztalos, E, Murphy, KE, Menzies, J, Sanchez, J, Singer, J, Gafni, A, Gruslin, A, Helewa, M, Hutton, E, Lee, SK, Lee, T, Logan, AG, Ganzevoort, W, Welch, R, Thornton, JG, Moutquin, JM. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine. 2015; 372: 407–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Greeff, A, Lorde, I, Wilton, A, Seed, P, Coleman, AJ, Shennan, AH. Calibration accuracy of hospital-based non-invasive blood pressure measuring devices. Journal of human hypertension. 2010; 24: 58–63.Google Scholar
Perry, IJ, Wilkinson, LS, Shinton, RA, Beevers, DG. Conflicting views on the measurement of blood pressure in pregnancy. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1991; 98: 241–243.Google Scholar
Wen, SW, Kramer, MS, Hoey, J, Hanley, JA, Usher, RH. Terminal digit preference, random error, and bias in routine clinical measurement of blood pressure. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 1993; 46: 1187–1193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natarajan, P, Shennan, AH, Penny, J, Halligan, AW, de Swiet, M, Anthony, J. Comparison of auscultatory and oscillometric automated blood pressure monitors in the setting of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181: 1203–1210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermida, RC, Ayala, DE, Iglesias, M. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure challenges office values as the “gold standard” in the diagnosis of gestational hypertension. Chronobiology international. 2003; 20: 135–156.Google Scholar
Ross-McGill, H, Hewison, J, Hirst, J, Dowswell, T, Holt, A, Brunskill, P, Thornton, JG. Antenatal home blood pressure monitoring: A pilot randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2000; 107: 217–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, PA, Oparil, S, Carter, BL, Cushman, WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb, C, Handler, J, Lackland, DT, LeFevre, ML, MacKenzie, TD, Ogedegbe, O, Smith, SC Jr., Svetkey, LP, Taler, SJ, Townsend, RR, Wright, JT Jr., Narva, AS, Ortiz, E. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Jama. 2014; 311: 507–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancia, G, Fagard, R, Narkiewicz, K, Redon, J, Zanchetti, A, Bohm, M, Christiaens, T, Cifkova, R, De Backer, G, Dominiczak, A, Galderisi, M, Grobbee, DE, Jaarsma, T, Kirchhof, P, Kjeldsen, SE, Laurent, S, Manolis, AJ, Nilsson, PM, Ruilope, LM, Schmieder, RE, Sirnes, PA, Sleight, P, Viigimaa, M, Waeber, B, Zannad, F, Burnier, M, Ambrosioni, E, Caufield, M, Coca, A, Olsen, MH, Tsioufis, C, van de Borne, P, Zamorano, JL, Achenbach, S, Baumgartner, H, Bax, JJ, Bueno, H, Dean, V, Deaton, C, Erol, C, Ferrari, R, Hasdai, D, Hoes, AW, Knuuti, J, Kolh, P, Lancellotti, P, Linhart, A, Nihoyannopoulos, P, Piepoli, MF, Ponikowski, P, Tamargo, JL, Tendera, M, Torbicki, A, Wijns, W, Windecker, S, Clement, DL, Gillebert, TC, Rosei, EA, Anker, SD, Bauersachs, J, Hitij, JB, Caulfield, M, De Buyzere, M, De Geest, S, Derumeaux, GA, Erdine, S, Farsang, C, Funck-Brentano, C, Gerc, V, Germano, G, Gielen, S, Haller, H, Jordan, J, Kahan, T, Komajda, M, Lovic, D, Mahrholdt, H, Ostergren, J, Parati, G, Perk, J, Polonia, J, Popescu, BA, Reiner, Z, Ryden, L, Sirenko, Y, Stanton, A, Struijker-Boudier, H, Vlachopoulos, C, Volpe, M, Wood, DA. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European heart journal. 2013; 34: 2159–2219.Google Scholar
Klahr, S, Levey, AS, Beck, GJ, Caggiula, AW, Hunsicker, L, Kusek, JW, Striker, G. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. The New England journal of medicine. 1994; 330: 877–884.Google Scholar
Wright, JT Jr., Bakris, G, Greene, T, Agodoa, LY, Appel, LJ, Charleston, J, Cheek, D, Douglas-Baltimore, JG, Gassman, J, Glassock, R, Hebert, L, Jamerson, K, Lewis, J, Phillips, RA, Toto, RD, Middleton, JP, Rostand, SG. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: Results from the AASK trial. Jama. 2002; 288: 2421–2431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruggenenti, P, Perna, A, Loriga, G, Ganeva, M, Ene-Iordache, B, Turturro, M, Lesti, M, Perticucci, E, Chakarski, IN, Leonardis, D, Garini, G, Sessa, A, Basile, C, Alpa, M, Scanziani, R, Sorba, G, Zoccali, C, Remuzzi, G. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 939–946.Google Scholar
Arguedas, JA, Perez, MI, Wright, JM. Treatment blood pressure targets for hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2009; CD004349.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, A, Earley, A, Haynes, SM, Uhlig, K. Systematic review: Blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Annals of internal medicine. 2011; 154: 541–548.Google Scholar
Sarnak, MJ, Greene, T, Wang, X, Beck, G, Kusek, JW, Collins, AJ, Levey, AS. The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: Long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study. Annals of internal medicine. 2005; 142: 342–351.Google Scholar
Appel, LJ, Wright, JT Jr., Greene, T, Agodoa, LY, Astor, BC, Bakris, GL, Cleveland, WH, Charleston, J, Contreras, G, Faulkner, ML, Gabbai, FB, Gassman, JJ, Hebert, LA, Jamerson, KA, Kopple, JD, Kusek, JW, Lash, JP, Lea, JP, Lewis, JB, Lipkowitz, MS, Massry, SG, Miller, ER, Norris, K, Phillips, RA, Pogue, VA, Randall, OS, Rostand, SG, Smogorzewski, MJ, Toto, RD, Wang, X. Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2010; 363: 918–929.Google Scholar
Stevens, PE, Levin, A. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: Synopsis of the kidney disease: Improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine. 2013; 158: 825–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanchetti, A. Blood pressure targets of antihypertensive treatment: Up and down the J-shaped curve. European heart journal. 2010; 31: 2837–2840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Dadelszen, P, Ornstein, MP, Bull, SB, Logan, AG, Koren, G, Magee, LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: A meta-analysis. Lancet. 2000; 355: 87–92.Google Scholar
Jafar, TH, Stark, PC, Schmid, CH, Landa, M, Maschio, G, de Jong, PE, de Zeeuw, D, Shahinfar, S, Toto, R, Levey, AS. Progression of chronic kidney disease: The role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: A patient-level meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2003; 139: 244–252.Google Scholar
NICE. Hypertension in pregnancy. NICE quality standard 35. www.niceorguk/guidance/qs35/resources/guidance-hypertension-in-pregnancy-pdf. 2013.Google Scholar
Landesman, R, Holze, E, Scherr, L. Fetal mortality in essential hypertension. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1955; 6: 354–365.Google Scholar
Abalos, E, Duley, L, Steyn, DW. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014; 2: CD002252.Google Scholar
Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P, Chan, S, Gafni, A, Gruslin, A, Helewa, M, Hewson, S, Kavuma, E, Lee, SK, Logan, AG, McKay, D, Moutquin, JM, Ohlsson, A, Rey, E, Ross, S, Singer, J, Willan, AR, Hannah, ME. The Control of Hypertension in Pregnancy Study pilot trial. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2007; 114: 770, e13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Dadelszen, P, Magee, LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: An updated metaregression analysis. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d’obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC. 2002; 24: 941–945.Google Scholar
Martin, JN Jr., Thigpen, BD, Moore, RC, Rose, CH, Cushman, J, May, W. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: A paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 105: 246–254.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM, Lindheimer, M, Hauth, J, Caritis, S, VanDorsten, P, Klebanoff, M, MacPherson, C, Landon, M, Miodovnik, M, Paul, R, Meis, P, Dombrowski, M. Risk factors for preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with chronic hypertension. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 667–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibai, BM, Mabie, WC, Shamsa, F, Villar, MA, Anderson, GD. A comparison of no medication versus methyldopa or labetalol in chronic hypertension during pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1990; 162: 960–966; discussion 6–7.Google Scholar
Montan, S, Ingemarsson, I, Marsal, K, Sjoberg, NO. Randomised controlled trial of atenolol and pindolol in human pregnancy: Effects on fetal haemodynamics. Bmj. 1992; 304: 946–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, L, Kennedy, S, Rubin, PC. Atenolol in essential hypertension during pregnancy. Bmj. 1990; 301: 587–589.Google Scholar
Lydakis, C, Lip, GY, Beevers, M, Beevers, DG. Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. American journal of hypertension. 1999; 12: 541–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redman, CW. Controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1991; 17: 149–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piper, JM, Ray, WA, Rosa, FW. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1992; 80: 429–432.Google ScholarPubMed
Velazquez-Armenta, EY, Han, JY, Choi, JS, Yang, KM, Nava-Ocampo, AA. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in pregnancy: A case report and systematic review of the literature. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2007; 26: 51–66.Google Scholar
Li, DK, Yang, C, Andrade, S, Tavares, V, Ferber, JR. Maternal exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the first trimester and risk of malformations in offspring: A retrospective cohort study. Bmj. 2011; 343: d5931.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Meher, S, King, JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; CD004659.Google Scholar
Askie, LM, Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Stewart, LA. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2007; 369: 1791–1798.Google Scholar
Bujold, E, Roberge, S, Lacasse, Y, Bureau, M, Audibert, F, Marcoux, S, Forest, JC, Giguere, Y. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 116: 402–414.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Duley, L, Atallah, A. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: A systematic review and commentary. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2007; 114: 933–943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCance, DR, Holmes, VA, Maresh, MJ, Patterson, CC, Walker, JD, Pearson, DW, Young, IS. Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 259–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poston, L, Briley, AL, Seed, PT, Kelly, FJ, Shennan, AH. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006; 367: 1145–1154.Google Scholar
Rumbold, AR, Crowther, CA, Haslam, RR, Dekker, GA, Robinson, JS. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 1796–1806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinnato, JA, 2nd, Freire, S, Pinto, ESJL, Cunha Rudge, MV, Martins-Costa, S, Koch, MA, Goco, N, Santos Cde, B, Cecatti, JG, Costa, R, Ramos, JG, Moss, N, Sibai, BM. Antioxidant therapy to prevent preeclampsia: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 110: 1311–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villar, J, Purwar, M, Merialdi, M, Zavaleta, N, Thi Nhu Ngoc, N, Anthony, J, De Greeff, A, Poston, L, Shennan, A. World Health Organisation multicentre randomised trial of supplementation with vitamins C and E among pregnant women at high risk for pre-eclampsia in populations of low nutritional status from developing countries. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2009; 116: 780–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cnossen, JS, Morris, RK, ter Riet, G, Mol, BW, van der Post, JA, Coomarasamy, A, Zwinderman, AH, Robson, SC, Bindels, PJ, Kleijnen, J, Khan, KS. Use of uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography to predict pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: A systematic review and bivariable meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2008; 178: 701–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roncaglia, N, Crippa, I, Locatelli, A, Cameroni, I, Orsenigo, F, Vergani, P, Ghidini, A. Prediction of superimposed preeclampsia using uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in women with chronic hypertension. Prenatal diagnosis. 2008; 28: 710–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaker, OG, Shehata, H. Early prediction of preeclampsia in high-risk women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011; 20: 539–544.Google Scholar