The chapter describes the main nature conservation challenges in Spain, its main policy responses and actions, and their achievements and lessons, primarily over the last 40 years. This covers the country’s natural characteristics, habitats and species of particular importance; the status of nature and main pressures affecting it; nature conservation policies (including biodiversity strategies), legislation, governance and key actors; species measures including Conservation Strategies and Species Recovery Plans (e.g. for birds of prey and large carnivores and) and dealing with conflicts (e.g. concerning the Wolf Canis lupus); protected areas and networks; general conservation measures (e.g. relating to afforestation and reforestation, habitat restoration, invasive alien species, and climate change adaptation); nature conservation costs, economic benefits and funding sources; and biodiversity monitoring. Likely future developments are also identified. Conclusions are drawn on what measures have been most effective and why, and what is needed to improve the implementation of existing measures and achieve future nature conservation goals.