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Infections in Pregnancy Infections in Pregnancy
An Evidence-Based Approach
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Chapter 15 - Gonorrhoea, Syphilis and Lymphogranuloma Venereum

from Section 2 - Infections in Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2019

By
Nutan Mishra
Edited by
Adel Elkady ,
Prabha Sinha  and
Soad Ali Zaki Hassan
Adel Elkady
Affiliation:
Police Force Hospital, Cairo
Prabha Sinha
Affiliation:
Oman Medical College, Oman
Soad Ali Zaki Hassan
Affiliation:
Alexandria University
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Summary

Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus. The primary site of infection is the mucous membranes of the urethra, endocervix, rectum, pharynx and conjunctiva.

Transmission is usually by the direct inoculation of infected secretions from one mucous membrane to the other. Transluminal spread from urethra or endocervix may occur and cause epididymo-orchitis or prostatitis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Haematogenous spread may also occur, causing skin lesions, arthralgia, arthritis and tenosynovitis (disseminated gonococcal infection).

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Chapter
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Infections in Pregnancy
An Evidence-Based Approach
 , pp. 83 - 91
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

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References

Clinical Effectiveness Group, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. UK National Guidelines for the Management of Gonorrhea in Adults, 2011. London: BASHH; 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
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Fifer, H, Ison, CA. Nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in low-prevalence settings: a review of the evidence. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90(8): 577–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Bignell, C, Unemo, M, European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. 2012 European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS. 2013; 24(2): 85–92. doi:10.1177/0956462412472837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Workowski, KA, Bolan, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STD treatment guidelines 2015. www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/.
Kenyon, CR, Osbak, K, Tsoumanis, A, Small, PLC. The global epidemiology of syphilis in the past century: a systematic review based on antenatal syphilis prevalence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016; 10(5): e0004711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet. www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm.
Morsheda, MG, Singh, AE. Recent trends in the serologic diagnosis of syphilis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015; 22(2), 137–47.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on syphilis screening and treatment of pregnant women. 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/259003/1/9789241550093-eng.pdf.
Belum, GR, Belum, VR, Chaitanya Arudra, SK, Reddy, BS. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: revisited. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013; 11(4): 231–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Santis, M, De Luca, C, Mappa, I et al. Syphilis infection during pregnancy: fetal risks and clinical management. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 430585: e461–6.CrossRef
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis. www.cdc.gov/std/tg192015/congenital.htm.
Oud, EV, de Vrieze, NH, de Meij, A, de Vries, HJ. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of inguinal lymphogranuloma venereum: important lessons from a case series. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90(4):279–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ceovic, R, Jerkovic Gulin, S. Lymphogranuloma venereum: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Infect Drug Resist. 2015; 8: 39–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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