Section 6 - Late Prenatal – Obstetric Problems

Torloni, MR, Vadmedorska, N, Merialdi, M, et al. Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 33: 599–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chenn, MM, Coakley, FV, Kaimal, A, et al. Guidelines for computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 333–40.Google Scholar

Streffer, C, Shore, R, Konermann, G, et al. Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus). A report of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2003; 33: 5–206.Google ScholarPubMed

Karam, PA. Determining and reporting fatal radiation exposure from diagnostic radiation. Health Phys 2000; 79 (Suppl 5): 585–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cappell, MS, Colon, VJ, Sidhom, OA. A study of 10 medical centres of the safety and efficacy of 48 flexible sigmoidoscopies and 8 colonoscopies during pregnancy with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 2353–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pearl, J, Price, R, Richardson, W, Fanelli, R. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and use of laparoscopy for surgical problems during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 3479–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reedy, MB, Galan, HL, Richards, WE, et al. Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a survey of laparoendoscopic surgeons. J Reprod Med 1997; 42: 33–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Oelsner, G, Stockheim, D, Soriano, D, et al. Pregnancy outcome after laparoscopy or laparotomy in pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003; 10: 200–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rollins, MD, Chan, KJ, Price, RR. Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy: a new standard of care. Surg Endosc 2004; 18: 237–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, CJ, Yen, CF, Lee, CL, Soong, YK. Minilaparoscopic cystectomy and appendectomy in late second trimester. JSLS 2002; 6: 373–5.Google ScholarPubMed

McKellar, DP, Anderson, CT, Boynton, CJ, Peoples, JB. Cholecystectomy during pregnancy without fetal loss. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 174: 465–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Casele, HL. The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 49: 895–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lachman, E, Schienfield, A, Voss, E, et al. Pregnancy and laparoscopic surgery. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1999; 6: 347–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fatum, M, Rojanshy, N. Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001; 56: 50–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fardiazar, Z, Derakhshan, I, Torab, R, Vahedi, A, Goldust, M. Maternal-neonatal outcome in pregnancies with non-obstetric laparotomy during pregnancy. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 17: 260–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kumar, A, Pearl, M. Mini-laparotomy versus laparoscopy for gynecologic conditions. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014; 21: 109–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jensen, JG. Uterine torsion in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71: 260–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Salani, R, Theiler, RN, Lindsay, M. Uterine torsion and fetal bradycardia associated with external cephalic version. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 820–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Setchell, M. Abdominal pain in pregnancy. In Studd, J (ed.), Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 6. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1987, pp. 89–99.Google Scholar

Yoneyama, K, Kimura, A, Kogo, M, et al. Clinical predictive factors for preterm birth in women with threatened preterm labour or preterm premature ruptured membranes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 49: 16–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andrews, CM, O’Neill, LM. Use of pelvic tilt exercise for ligament pain relief. J Nurse Midwifery 1994; 39: 370–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dowswell, T, Neilson, JP. Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (4): CD007065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gill, SK, O’Brien, L, Koren, G. The safety of histamine 2 (H2) blockers in pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 1835–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ford, F. Constipation in pregnancy. Pract Midwife 2008; 11: 28–31.Google ScholarPubMed

Trash, HK, Friede, A, Hogue, CJ. Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: frequency and maternal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 333–6.Google Scholar

Aliyu, LD, Ashimi, AO. A multicenter study of advanced abdominal pregnancy: a review of six cases in low resource settings. Europ J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 33–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nkusu Nunyalulendho, D, Einterz, EM. Advanced abdominal pregnancy: case report and review of 163 cases reported since 1946. Rural Remote Health 2008; 8: 1087–90.Google ScholarPubMed

Worley, KC, Hnat, MD, Cunningham, FG. Advanced extrauterine pregnancy: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 297–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huang, K, Song, L, Wang, L, et al. Advanced abdominal pregnancy: an increasingly challenging clinical concern for obstetricians. Int J Clin Pathol 2014; 7: 5461–72.Google ScholarPubMed

Sunday-Adeoye, I, Twoney, D, Egwuatu, EV, Okonta, PI. A 30 year review of advanced abdominal pregnancy at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Afikpo, south eastern Nigeria (1976–2006). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cetinkaya, MB, Kokcu, A, Alper, T. Follow up of the regression of the placenta left in situ in an advanced abdominal pregnancy using the Cavaleiri method. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2005; 31: 22–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B, Nielson, TF. Appendicitis in pregnancy: diagnosis, management and complications. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 78: 758–62.Google Scholar

Andersson, RE, Lambe, M. Incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1281–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wei, PL, Keller, JJ, Liang, HH, Lin, HC. Acute appendicitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16: 1204–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tracey, M, Fletcher, HS. Appendicitis in pregnancy. Am Surg 2000; 66: 555–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Lehnert, BE, Gross, JA, Linnau, KF, Moshiri, M. Utility of ultrasound for evaluating the appendix during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Emerg Radiol 2012; 19: 293–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Israel, GM, Malguria, N, McCarthy, S, Copel, J, Weinreb, J. MRI vs. ultrasound for suspected appendicitis during pregnancy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28: 428–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coursey, CA, Nelson, RC, Patel, MB. Making the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: do more preoperative CT scans mean fewer negative appendectomies? A 10-year study. Radiology 2009; 254: 460–8.Google Scholar

Basaran, A, Basaran, M. Diagnosis of acute appendicitis during pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2009; 64: 481–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pedrosa, I, Lafornara, M, Pandharipande, PV, et al. Pregnant patients suspected of having acute appendicitis: effect of MR imaging on negative laparotomy rate and appendiceal perforation rate. Radiology 2009; 250: 749–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corneille, MG, Gallup, TM, Bening, T, et al. The use of laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: evaluation of safety and efficacy. Am J Surg 2010; 200: 363–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhang Y, , Zhao, YY, Qiao, J, Ye, RH. Diagnosis of appendicitis during pregnancy and perinatal outcome in the late pregnancy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2009; 122: 521–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Eom, JM, Hong, JH, Jeon, SW, et al. Safety and Clinical Efficacy of Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Pregnant Women with Acute Appendicitis. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2012; 41: 82–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Chung, JC, Cho, GS, Shin, EJ, Kim, HC, Song, OP. Clinical outcomes compared between laparoscopic and open appendectomy in pregnant women. Can J Surg 2013; 56: 341–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Walker, HG, Samaraee, AA, Mills, SJ, Kalbassi, MR. Laparoscopic appendicectomy in pregnancy: a systematic review of the published evidence. Int J Surg 2014; 12: 1235–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jackson, H, Granger, S, Price, R, et al. Diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment of surgical diseases during pregnancy: an evidence-based review. Surg Endosc 2008; 22: 1917–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walsh, CA1, Tang, T, Walsh, SR. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Surg 2008; 6: 339–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meyerson, S, Holtz, T, Ehringreis, M, et al. Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 299–302.Google ScholarPubMed

Rawlings, C. Management of postcaesarian Ogilvie’s syndrome and their subsequent outcomes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 50: 573–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ko, CW, Beresford, SA, Schulte, SJ, Matsumoto, AM. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology 2005; 41: 359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ko, CW. Risk factors for gallstone-related hospitalization during pregnancy and the postpartum. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2263–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sang, SJ, Mayo, ML, Rodriguez-Frias, E, et al. Safety and utility of ERCP during pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:453–61.Google Scholar

Othman, MO, Stone, E, Hashimi, M, Parasher, G. Conservative management of cholelithiasis and its complications in pregnancy is associated with recurrent symptoms and more emergency department visits. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 564–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sun, Y, Fan, C, Wang, S. Clinical analysis of 16 patients with acute pancreatitisin the third trimester of pregnancy Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1696–701.Google ScholarPubMed

Kayatas, SE, Eser, M, Cam, C, Cogendez, E, Guzin, K. Acute pancreatitis associated with hypertriglyceridemia: a life-threatening complication. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281: 427–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, SS, Lin, XZ, Tsai, YT, et al. Clinical significance of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and biochemical testsin the rapid diagnosis of gallstone-related pancreatitis: a prospective study. Pancreas 1988; 3: 153–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tang, SJ, Mayo, MJ, Rodriguez-Frias, E, et al. Safety and utility of ERCP during pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 453–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hernandez, A, Petrov, MS, Brooks, DC, et al. Acute pancreatitis and pregnancy: a 10-year single center experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 1623–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Date, RS, Kaushal, M, Ramesh, A. A review of the management of gallstone disease and its complications in pregnancy. Am J Surg 2008; 196: 599–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Crisan, LS, Steidl, ET, Rivera-Alsina, ME. Acute hyperlipidemic pancreatitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200: e9.Google Scholar

Eddy, JJ, Gideonsen, MD, Song, JY, et al. Pancreatitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1075–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pandey, R, Jacob, A, Brooks, H. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: review of three cases and anaesthetic management. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012; 21: 360–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McClave, SA. Nutrition support in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36:65–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smithson, A, Ruiz, J, Perello, R, et al. Diagnostic and management of spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24: 579–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kasotakis, G. Retroperitoneal and rectus sheath hematomas. Surg Clin North Am 2014; 94: 71–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chapelle, CF, Schutte, JM, Schuitemaker, NW, Steegers, EAP, van Roosmalen, J. Maternal mortality attributable to vascular dissection and rupture in the Netherlands: a nationwide confidential enquiry BJOG 2012; 119: 86–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aubrey-Bassler, FK, Sowers, N. 613 cases of splenic rupture without risk factors or previously diagnosed disease: a systematic review. BMC Emerg Med 2012; 12: 11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, PN, Madeley, RJ, Symonds, EM. Abdominal pain of unknown aetiology in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 688–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Glanc, P, Brofman, N, Salem, S, et al. The prevalence of incidental simple ovarian cysts ≥ 3 cm detected by transvaginal sonography in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29: 502–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Sergent, F, Verspyck, E, Marpeau, L. [Management of an ovarian cyst during pregnancy]. Presse Med 2003; 32: 1039–45.Google ScholarPubMed

Zanetta, G, Mariani, E, Lissoni, A, et al. A prospective study of the role of ultrasound in the management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. BJOG 2003; 110: 578–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perkins, KY, Johnson, JL, Kay, HH. Simple ovarian cysts: clinical features on a first-trimester ultrasound scan. J Reprod Med 1997; 42: 440–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Goffinet, F. [Ovarian cysts and pregnancy]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2001; 30 (1 Suppl): S100–8.Google Scholar

Yen, CF, Lin, SL, Murk, W, et al. Risk analysis of torsion and malignancy for adnexal masses during pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 1895–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Szecsi, PB, Andersen, MR, Bjørngaard, B, Hedengran, KK, Stender, S. Cancer antigen 125 after delivery in women with a normal pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2014; 93: 1295–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Derchi, LE, Serafini, G, Gandolfo, N, Gandolfo, NG, Martinoli, C. Ultrasound in gynecology. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 2137–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sherard, GB, Hodson, CA, Williams, HJ, et al. Adnexal masses and pregnancy: a 12-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 358–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Usui, R, Minakami, H, Kosuge, S, et al. A retrospective survey of clinical, pathologic, and prognostic features of adnexal masses operated on during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000; 26: 89–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hill, LM, Connors-Beatty, DJ, Nowak, A, Tush, B. The role of ultrasonography in the detection and management of adnexal masses during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 703–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, SB, Oelsner, G, Seidman, DS, et al. Laparoscopic detorsion allows sparing of the twisted ischemic adnexa. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1999; 6: 139–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yuen, PM, Chang, AM. Laparoscopic management of adnexal mass during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 173–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Balci, O, Gezginc, K, Karatayli, R, et al. Management and outcomes of adnexal masses during pregnancy: a 6-year experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 524–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caspi, B, Ben-Arie, A, Appelman, Z, Or, Y, Hagay, Z. Aspiration of simple pelvic cysts during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 102–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Glanc, P, Salem, S, Farine, D. Adnexal masses in the pregnant patient: a diagnostic and management challenge. Ultrasound Q 2008; 24: 225–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kobayashi, H, Yoshida, A, Kobayashi, M, Yamada, T. Changes in size of the functional cyst on ultrasonography during early pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1997; 14: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rice, JP, Kay, HH, Mahony, BS. The clinical significance of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1212–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Strobelt, N, Ghidini, A, Cavallone, M, et al. Natural history of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 399–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laughlin, SK, Baird, DD, Savitz, DA, Herring, AH, Hartmann, KE. Prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in the first trimester of pregnancy: an ultrasound-screening study. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 630–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Qidwai, GI, Caughey, AB, Jacoby, AF. Obstetric outcomes in women with sonographically identified uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 376–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Winer-Muram, HT, Muram, D, Gillieson, MS. Uterine myomas in pregnancy. J Can Assoc Radiol 1984; 35: 168–70.Google ScholarPubMed

Rosati, P, Exacoustos, C, Mancuso, S. Longitudinal evaluation of uterine myoma growth during pregnancy. A sonographic study. J Ultrasound Med 1992; 11: 511–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aharoni, A, Reiter, A, Golan, D, Paltiely, Y, Sharf, M. Patterns of growth of uterine leiomyomas during pregnancy: a prospective longitudinal study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 510–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klatsky, PC, Tran, ND, Caughey, AB, Fujimoto, VY. Fibroids and reproductive outcomes: a systematic literature review from conception to delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 357–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lam, SJ, Best, S, Kumar, S. The impact of fibroid characteristics on pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 395.e1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coronado, GD, Marshall, LM, Schwartz, SM. Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 764–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Exacoustos, C, Rosati, P. Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine myomas and complications in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 97–101.Google ScholarPubMed

Vergani, P, Ghidini, A, Strobelt, N, et al. Do uterine leiomyomas influence pregnancy outcome? Am J Perinatol 1994; 11: 356–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pritts, EA, Parker, WH, Olive, DL. Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 1215–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carranza-Mamane, B, Havelock, J, Hemmings, R, et al. The management of uterine fibroids in women with otherwise unexplained infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37: 277–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chittawar, PW, Franik, S, Pouwer, AW, Farquhar, C. Minimally invasive surgical techniques versus open myomectomy for uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (10): CD004638.Google Scholar

Roberts, WE, Fulp, KS, Morrison, JC, Martin, JN. The impact of leiomyomas on pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39: 43–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Narayan, R, Rajat, , Goswamy, K. Treatment of submucous fibroids, and outcome of assisted conception. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1994; 1: 307–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Koike, T, Minakami, H, Kosuge, S, et al. Uterine leiomyoma in pregnancy: its influence on obstetric performance. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999; 25: 309–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Celik, C, Acar, A, Ciçek, N, Gezginc, K, Akyürek, C. Can myomectomy be performed during pregnancy? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2002; 53: 79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bonito, M, Gulemì, L, Basili, R, Roselli, D. Myomectomy during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2007; 34: 149–50.Google ScholarPubMed

De Carolis, S, Fatigante, G, Ferrazzani, S, et al. Uterine myomectomy in pregnant women. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001; 16: 116–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wittich, AC, Salminen, ER, Yancey, MK, Markenson, GR. Myomectomy during early pregnancy. Mil Med 2000; 165: 162–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mollica, G, Pittini, L, Minganti, E, Perri, G, Pansini, F. Elective uterine myomectomy in pregnant women. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1996; 23: 168–72.Google ScholarPubMed

Phelan, JP. Myomas and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995; 22: 801–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, CE. Myomectomy: comparison of open and laparoscopic techniques. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 407–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Georgakopoulos, PA, Bersis, G. Sigmoido-uterine rupture in pregnancy after multiple myomectomy. Int Surg 1981; 66: 367–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Brown, AB, Chamberlain, R, Te Linde, RW. Myomectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1956; 71: 759–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nezhat, C. The “cons” of laparoscopic myomectomy in women who may reproduce in the future. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1996; 41: 280–3.Google ScholarPubMed

Matsunaga, JS, Daly, CB, Bochner, CJ, Agnew, CL. Repair of uterine dehiscence with continuation of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 1211–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dubuisso, JB, Fauconnier, A, Babaki-Fard, K, Chapron, C. Laparoscopic myomectomy: a current view. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 588–94.Google ScholarPubMed

Tian, YC, Long, TF, Dai, YM. Pregnancy outcomes following different surgical approaches of myomectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41: 350–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Al-Serehi, A, Mhoyan, A, Brown, M, et al. Placenta accreta: an association with fibroids and Asherman syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27: 1623–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boivin, J, Bunting, L, Collins, JA, Nygren, KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 1506–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dupas, C, Christin-Maitre, S. [What are the factors affecting fertility in 2008?] Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2008; 69 (Suppl 1): S57–61.Google Scholar

Snick, HK, Snick, TS, Evers, JL, Collins, JA. The spontaneous pregnancy prognosis in untreated subfertile couples: the Walcheren primary care study. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1582–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Evers, JL. Female subfertility. Lancet 2002; 360: 151–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grigorescu, V, Zhang, Y, Kissin, DM, et al. Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technology by infertility diagnosis: ovulatory dysfunction versus tubal obstruction. Fertil Steril 2014; 101: 1019–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pandey, S, Shetty, A, Hamilton, M, Bhattacharya, S, Maheshwari, A. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18: 485–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ziadeh, SM, Zakaria, MR, Abu-Hieja, A. Pregnancy rates using CC/hMG or hMG alone. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1997; 23: 97–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elchalal, U, Schenker, JG. The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: views and ideas. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1129–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Delvigne, A, Rozenberg, S. Epidemiology and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): a review. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8: 559–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schieve, LA, Tatham, L, Peterson, HB, Toner, J, Jeng, G. Spontaneous abortion among pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technology in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 959–67.Google ScholarPubMed

Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, A. A review of ten years experience of ICSI. Hum Reprod Update 2004; 10: 19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clayton, HB, Schieve, LA, Peterson, HB, et al. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 595–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perkins, KM, Boulet, SL, Kissin, DM, Jamieson, DJ; National ART Surveillance (NASS) Group. Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001–2011. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 70–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adamson, GD, de Mouzon, J, Lancaster, P, et al. World collaborative report on in vitro fertilization, 2000. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 1586–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

de Mouzon, J, Goossens, V, Bhattacharya, S, et al. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2006: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 1851–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Qin, J, Wang, H, Sheng, X, et al. Pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in multiple pregnancies resulting from assisted reproductive technology: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Fertil Steril 2015; 103: 1492–508.e1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gunby, J, Bissonnette, F, Librach, C, et al. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Canada: 2006 results from the Canadian ART Register. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 2189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Peperstraten, AM, Hermens, RP, Nelen, WL, et al. Perceived barriers to elective single embryo transfer among IVF professionals: a national survey. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 2718–23.Google ScholarPubMed

Allen, C, Bowdin, S, Harrison, RF, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes after assisted reproduction: a comparative study. Ir J Med Sci 2008; 177: 233–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jackson, RA, Gibson, KA, Wu, YW, Croughan, MS. Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 551–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caserta, D, Marci, R, Tatone, C, et al. IVF pregnancies: neonatal outcomes after the new Italian law on assisted reproduction technology (law 40/2004). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 935–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malchau, SS, Loft, A, Henningsen, AK, Nyboe Andersen, A, Pinborg, A. Perinatal outcomes in 6,338 singletons born after intrauterine insemination in Denmark, 2007 to 2012: the influence of ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2014; 102: 1110–16.e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hvidtjørn, D, Schieve, L, Schendel, D, et al. Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay in children born after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163: 72–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kallen, B. The risk of neurodisability and other long-term outcomes for infants born following ART. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 19: 239–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Romundstad, LB, Romundstad, PR, Sunde, A, et al. Increased risk of placenta previa in pregnancies following IVF/ICSI: a comparison of ART and non-ART pregnancies in the same mother. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2353–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kashyap, S, Claman, P. Polycystic ovary disease and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Reprod Med 2000; 45: 991–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Kuliev, A, Verlinsky, Y. The role of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in women of advanced reproductive age. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2003; 15: 233–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corbett, S, Shmorgun, D, Claman, P, et al. The prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014; 36: 1024–36.Google ScholarPubMed

Ankum, WM, Mol, BW, Van der Veen, F, Bossuyt, PM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 1093–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McMahon, CA, Ungerer, JA, Beaurepaire, J, Tennant, C, Saunders, D. Anxiety during pregnancy and fetal attachment after in-vitro fertilization conception. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 176–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doherty, DA, Newnham, JP, Bower, C, Hart, R. Implications of polycystic ovary syndrome for pregnancy and for the health of offspring. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 1397–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McElhaney, RD, Ringer, M, DeHart, DJ, Vasilenko, P. Rubella immunity in a cohort of pregnant women. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 64–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Urman, B, Sarac, E, Dogan, L, Gurgan, T. Pregnancy in infertile PCOD patients. Complications and outcome. J Reprod Med 1997; 42: 501–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Rackow, BW, Arici, A. Reproductive performance of women with Mullerian anomalies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19: 229–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Syed, I, Hussain, HK, Weadock, W, Ellis, J. Imaging in Mullerian duct abnormalities. Medscape. Updated: Feb 28, 2016. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/405335-overview (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Golan, A, Langer, R, Neuman, M, et al. Obstetric outcome in women with congenital uterine malformations. J Reprod Med 1992; 37: 233–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Heinonen, PK. Pregnancies in women with uterine malformation, treated obstruction of hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287: 975–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alfirevic, Z, Stampalija, T, Roberts, D, Jorgensen, AL. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (4): CD008991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iams, JD. Prevention of preterm parturition. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heinonen, PK. Reproductive performance of women with uterine anomalies after abdominal or hysteroscopic metroplasty or no surgical treatment. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1997; 4: 311–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leiman, G, Harrison, NA, Rubin, A. Pregnancy following conization of the cervix: complications related to cone size. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 136: 14–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pinborg, A, Ortoft, G, Loft, A, Rasmussen, SC, Ingerslev, HJ. Cervical conization doubles the risk of preterm and very preterm birth in assisted reproductive technology twin pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ehsanipoor, RM, Jolley, JA, Goldshore, MA, et al. The relationship between previous treatment for cervical dysplasia and preterm delivery in twin gestations. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27: 821–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cook, JR, Seman, EI. Pregnancy following endometrial ablation: case history and literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003; 58: 551–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Roux, I, Das, M, Fernandez, H, Deffieux, X. Pregnancy after endometrial ablation: a report of three cases. J Reprod Med 2013; 58: 173–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Yin, CS. Pregnancy after hysteroscopic endometrial ablation without endometrial preparation: a report of five cases and a literature review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 49: 311–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McShane, PM, Heye, PS, Epstein, ME. Maternal and perinatal mortality resulting from placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 176–82.

Oyelese, Y, Ananth, CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1005–16.

Ananth, CV, Demissie, K, Smulian, JC, Vintzileos, AM. Placenta previa in singleton and twin births in the United States, 1989 through 1998. A comparison of risk factor profiles and associated conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 275–81.

Fan, D, Wu, S, Liu, L, et al. Prevalence of antepartum hemorrhage in women with placenta previa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 40320. htps://doi.org/10.1038/srep40320.

Crane, JM, Van den Hof, MC, Dodds, L, Armson, BA, Liston, R. Maternal complications with placenta previa. Am J Perinatol. 2000; 17: 101–5.

Crane, JM, Van den Hof, MC, Dods, L, Armson, BA, Liston, R. Neonatal outcomes with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 210–14.

Ananth, CV, Smulian, JC, Vintzileos, AM.The effects of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: a population based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 1299–304.

Faiz, AS, Ananth, CV. Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa. An overview and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003; 13: 175–90.

Romundstad, LB, Romundstad, PR, Sunde, A, et al. Increased risk of placenta previa in pregnancies following IVF/ICSI: a comparison of ART and non-ART pregnancies in the same mother. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2353–8.

Naeye, RL. Abruptio placentae and placenta previa: frequency, perinatal mortality, and cigarette smoking. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 55: 701–4.

Hibbard, BM. Bleeding in late pregnancy. In Hibbard, BM (ed.), Principles of Obstetrics. London: Butterworths, 1988, pp. 96–104.

Hershkowitz, R, Fraser, D, Mazor, M, Leiberman, JR. One or more multiple previous cesarean sections are associated with similar increased frequency of placenta previa. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 185–8.

Ananth, CV, Smulian, JC, Vintzileos, AM. The association of placenta praevia with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 177: 1071–8.

Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al. (eds.) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2015–17. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2019.

Cotton, DB, Read, JA, Paul, RH, Quilligan, EJ. The conservative aggressive management of placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137: 687–95.

Drife, J, Lewis, G (eds). Why Mothers Die: A Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 2000–2002. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

Naeye, ER. Placenta previa: predisposing factors and effects on the fetus and the surviving infants. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 52: 521–5.

Papinniemi, M, Keski-Nisula, L, Heinonen, S. Placental ratio and risk of velamentous umbilical cord insertion are increased in women with placenta previa. Am J Perinatol 2007; 24: 353–7.

Varma, TR. Fetal growth and placental function in patients with placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 80: 311–15.

Taipale, P, Hiilesmaa, V, Ylostalo, P. Diagnosis of placenta previa by transvaginal sonographic screening at 12–16 weeks in a non-selected population. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 364–7.

Konje, JC, Ewings, PD, Adewunmi, OA, et al. The outcome of pregnancies complicated by threatened abortion. J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 12: 150–5.

Newton, ER, Barss, V, Cetrulo, CL. The epidemiology and clinical history of asymptomatic mid-trimester placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148: 743–8.

Chapman, MG, Furness, ET, Jones, WR, Sheat, JH. Significance of the location of placenta site in early pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 86: 846–8.

McClure, N, Dornan, JC. Early identification of placenta previa. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 959–61.

Laing, FC. Placenta previa: avoiding false-negative diagnosis. J Clin Ultrasound 1981; 9: 109–13.

Comeau, J, Shaw, L, Marcell, CC, Lavery, JP. Early placenta previa and delivery outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 577–80.

Ruparelia, BA, Chapman, MG. Early low-lying placenta ultrasonic assessment, progress and outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1985; 20: 209–13.

Oppenheimer, L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29: 261–73.

Dashe, JS, McIntire, DD, Ramus, RM, et al. Persistence of placenta previa according to gestational age at ultrasound detection. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 692–7.

Tan, NH, Abu, M, Woo, JLS, Tahir, HM. The role of transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of placental previa. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 35: 42–5.

Knuppel, AR, Drukker, JE. Bleeding in late pregnancy: antepartum bleeding. In Hayashi, RH, Castillo, MS (eds), High Risk Pregnancy: A Team Approach. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1986, pp. 547–80.

Heer, IM, Muller-Egloff, S, Strauss, A. Placenta previa: comparison of four sonographic modalities. Ultraschall Med 2006; 27: 355–9.

Simon, EG, Fouche, CJ, Perrotin, F. Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in third-trimester evaluation of placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 41: 465–8.

Bonner, SM, Haynes, SR, Ryall, D. The anesthetic management of cesarean section for placenta previa: a questionnaire survey. Anesthesia 1995; 50: 992–4.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta: Diagnosis and Management. Green-top Guideline No. 27a. London: RCOG, 2018. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg27a (accessed February 2020).

Ghourab, S. Third trimester transvaginal ultrasonography in placenta previa: does the shape of the lower placental edge predict clinical outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 103–8.

Neilson, JP. Interventions for suspected placenta previa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2): CD001998.

Love, CDB, Wallace, EM. Pregnancies complicated by placenta previa: what is appropriate management? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 864–7.

Crenshaw, C, Jones, DED, Parker, RT. Placenta previa: a survey of 20 years experience with improved perinatal survival by expectant therapy and cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1973; 28: 461–70.

Brenner, WE, Edelman, DA, Hendricks, CH. Characteristics of patients with placenta previa and results of “expectant management”. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 132: 180–91.

Besinger, RE, Moniak, CW, Paskiewicz, LS, Fisher, SG, Tomich, PG. The effect of tocolytic use in the management of symptomatic placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 1770–5.

Sharma, A, Suri, V, Gupta, I. Tocolytic therapy in conservative management of symptomatic placenta previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 109–13.

Vintzileos, AM, Ananth, CV, Smulian, JC. Using ultrasound in the clinical management of placental implantation abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: S70–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.059.

Silver, RM. Abnormal placentation: placenta previa, vasa previa, and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 654–68. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001005.

Balayla, J, Wo, BL, Bedard, MJ. A late-preterm, early-term stratified analysis of neonatal outcomes by gestational age in placenta previa: defining the optimal timing for delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28: 1756–61.

Hong, J, Jee, Y, Yoon, H, Kim, S. Comparison of general and epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section for placenta previa totalis: maternal hemodynamics, blood loss and neonatal outcome. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12: 12–16.

Yamada, T, Mori, H, Ueki, M. Autologous blood transfusion in patients with placenta previa. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 255–9.

Scott, JS. Antepartum haemorrhage. In Whitefield, CR (ed.), Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Postgraduates, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, pp. 412–17.

Myerscough, PR (ed.). Munro Kerr’s Operative Obstetrics, 10th edn. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1982.

Williamson, HC, Greeley, AV. Management of placenta previa: 12 year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1945; 50: 987–91.

Zaki, ZM, Bahar, AM. Massive haemorrhage due to placenta praevia accreta: a useful role for vasopressin. J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 17: 486–7.

Kato, S, Tanabe, A, Kanki, K, et al. Local injection of vasopressin reduces the blood loss during cesarean section in placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 1249–56.

Miller, DA, Chollet, JA, Goodwin, TM. Clinical risk factors for placenta previa–placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 210–14.

Clark, SL, Koonings, PP, Phelan, JP. Placenta previa/accreta and prior cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 89–92.

Silver, RM, Landon, MB, Rouse, DJ, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1226–32.

Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford 2017.

Ananth, CV, Lavery, JA, Vintzileos, AM, et al. Severe placental abruption: clinical definition and associations with maternal complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 272.e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.069.

Rasmussen, S, Irgrens, KM, Dalaker, K. The occurrence of placental abruption in Norway 1967–1991. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 222–8.

Fox, H (ed.). Pathology of the Placenta. London: Saunders, 1978.

Fraser, R, Watson, R. Bleeding during the latter half of pregnancy. In Chalmers, I (ed.), Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. London: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 89–92.

Sher, G, Statland, BE. Abruptio placentae with coagulopathy: a rational basis for management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1985; 28: 15–23.

Pritchard, JA, Brekken, AL. Clinical and laboratory studies on severe abruption placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967; 97: 681–700.

Rasmussen, S, Irgrens, KM, Dalaker, K. The effect on the likelihood of further pregnancy of placental abruption and the rate of its recurrence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1292–5.

Paterson, MEL. The aetiology and outcome of abruptio placentae. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979; 58: 31–5.

Kramer, MS, Usher, RH, Pollack, R, et al. Etiologic determinants of abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 221–6.

Ananth, CV, Smulian, JC, Vintzileos, AM. Incidence of placental abruption in relation to cigarette smoking and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 622–8.

Lehtovirta, P, Forss, M. The acute effect of smoking on intervillous blood flow of the placenta. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85: 729–37.

Scott, JS. Placenta extrachoralis (placenta marginata and placenta circumvallata). J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1960; 67: 904–18.

Wilson, D, Paalman, RJ. Clinical significance of circumvallate placenta. Obstet Gynecol 1967; 29: 774–8.

Crosby, WM, Costila, JP. Safety of lap-belt restraint for pregnant victims of automobile collisions. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 632–5.

Egley, C, Cefalo, R. Abruptio placentae. In Studd, J (ed.), Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 5. London, Churchill Livingstone,1985, pp. 108–20.

Yaron, Y, Cherry, M, Kramer, RL, et al. Second trimester maternal serum marker screening: maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, betahuman chorionic gonadotrophin, estriol, and their various combinations as predictors of pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 968–74.

Abdella, TN, Sibai, BM, Hays, JM, Anderson, GD. Relationship of hypertensive diseases to abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63: 365–70.

Ananth, CV, Savitz, DA, Williams, MA. Placental abruption and its association with hypertension and prolonged rupture of membranes: a methodologic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 309–18.

Golditch, IA, Boyce, NE. Management of abruptio placentae. JAMA 1970; 212: 288–93.

De Valera, E. Abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 100: 599–606.

De Vries, JI, Dekker, GA, Huijgens, PC, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and protein S deficiency in complicated pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1248–54.

Kupferminc, MJ, Eldor, A, Steinman, N, et al. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 9–13.

Zdoukopoulos, N, Zintzaras, E. Genetic risk factors for placental abruption: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2008; 19: 309–323.

Pariente, G, Wiznitzer, A, Sergienko, R, Mazor, M, Holcberg, G, Sheiner, E. Placental abruption: critical analysis of risk factors and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 24: 698–702.

Kennare, R, Heard, A, Chan, A. Substance use during pregnancy: risk factors and obstetric and perinatal outcomes in South Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 45: 220–5.

Ananth, CV, Wilcox, AJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 332–7.

Tikkanen, M, Luukkaala, T, Gissler, M, et al. Decreasing perinatal mortality in placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 298–305.

Ananth, CV, VanderWeele, TJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality with preterm delivery as a mediator: disentangling direct and indirect effects. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174: 99–108.

Aliyu, MH, Salihu, HM, Lynch, O, et al. Placental abruption, offspring sex, and birth outcomes in a large cohort of mothers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 248–52.

Tikkanen, M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 140–9.

Ananth, CV, Berkowitz, GS, Savitz, DA, Lapinski, RH. Placental abruption and adverse perinatal outcomes. JAMA 1999; 282: 1646–51.

Sheiner, E, Shoham-Vardi, I, Hadar, A, et al. Incidence, obstetric risk factors and pregnancy outcome of preterm placental abruption: a retrospective analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002; 11: 34–9.

Lunan, CB. The management of abruptio placentae. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 1973; 80: 120–4.

Gibbs, JM, Weindling, AM. Neonatal intracranial lesions following placental abruption. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153: 195–7.

Niswander, KR, Friedman, EA, Hoover, DB, et al. Fetal morbidity following potentially atoxigenic obstetric conditions: I. Abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 95: 838–45.

Glantz, C, Purnell, L. Clinical utility of sonography in the diagnosis and treatment of placental abruption. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 837–40.

Roberts, G. Unclassified antepartum haemorrhage: incidence and perinatal mortality in a community. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1970; 77: 492–5.

Hurd, WW, Miodovnik, M, Lavin, JP. Selective management of abruption placentae: a prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 467–73.

Notelovitz, M, Bottoms, SF, Dase, DF, Leichter, PJ. Painless abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 270–2.

Page, EW, King, EB, Merril, JA. Abruptio placentae: dangers of delayed delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1954; 3: 385–93.

Green-Thompson, RW. Antepartum haemorrhage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1982; 9: 479–515.

Nyberg, DA, Cyr, DR, Mack, LA, Wilson, DA, Shuman, WP. Sonographic spectrum of placental abruption. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 161–7.

Rivera-Alxima, ME, Saldana, LR, Maklad, N, Korp, S. The use of ultrasound in the expectant management of abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146: 924–7.

Barron, SL. Antepartum haemorrhage. In Chamberlain, G, Turnbull, A (eds), Obstetrics. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1989, pp. 176–88.

Okonofua, FE, Olatubosun, OA. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery in abruptio placentae associated with live fetuses. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1985; 23: 471–4.

Besinger, RE, Niebyl, JR. The safety and efficacy of tocolytics agents for the treatment of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1990; 45: 415–40.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Tocolytic Drugs for Women in Preterm Labour. Green-top Guideline No. 1b. London: RCOG, 2011.

Towers, CV, Pircon, RA, Heppard, M. Is tocolysis safe in the management of third-trimester bleeding? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 1572–8.

Colón, I, Berletti, M, Garabedian, MJ, et al. Randomized, double-blinded trial of magnesium sulfate tocolysis versus intravenous normal saline for preterm nonsevere placental abruption. Am J Perinatol 2016; 33: 696–702. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1571324.

Ruiter, L, Ravelli, AC, de Graaf, IM, Mol, BW, Pajkrt, E. Incidence and recurrence rate of placental abruption: a longitudinal linked national cohort study in the Netherlands. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 573.e1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.019.

Roberge, S, Bujold, E, Nicolaides, KH. Meta-analysis on the effect of aspirin use for prevention of preeclampsia on placental abruption and antepartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218: 483–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.238.

Kim, YA. Makar, RS. Detection of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Am J Hematol 2012; 87: 417–23.

Oyelese, KO, Turner, M, Lees, C, Campbell, S. Vasa previa: an avoidable obstetric tragedy. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 18: 109–15.

Baulies, S, Maiz, N, Muñoz, A, et al. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of vasa previa and analysis of risk factors. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27: 595–9.

Englert, Y, Imbert, MC, Van Rosendael, E, et al. Morphological anomalies in the placentae of IVF pregnancies: preliminary report of a multicentric study. Hum Reprod 1987; 2: 155–7.

Jauniaux, E, Englert, Y, Vanesse, M, et al. Pathologic features of placentas from singleton pregnancies obtained by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 61–4.

Lee, W, Lee, VL, Kirk, JS, et al. Vasa previa: prenatal diagnosis, natural evolution, and clinical outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 572–6.

Rebarber, A, Dolin, C, Fox, NS, et al. Natural history of vasa previa across gestation using a screening protocol. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33: 141–7.

Bronsteen, R, Whitten, A, Balasubramanian, M, et al. Vasa previa: clinical presentations, outcomes, and implications for management. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 352–7.

Antoine, C, Young, BK, Silverman, F, Greco, MA, Alvarez, SP. Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern with vasa previa in twin pregnancy. J Reprod Med 1982; 27: 295–300.

Dougall, A, Baird, CH. Vasa previa: report of three cases and review of literature. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 712–15.

Derbala, Y, Grochal, F, Jeanty, P. Vasa previa. J Prenat Med 2007; 1: 2–13.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta Praevia, Placenta Praevia Accreta and Vasa Praevia: Diagnosis and Management. Green-top Guideline No. 27. London: RCOG, 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg27/ (accessed March 2017).

Gagnon, R, Morin, L, Bly, S, et al. Guidelines for the management of vasa previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31: 748–60.

Oyelese, Y, Catanzarite, V, Prefumo, F, et al. Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 937–42.

Paavonen, J, Jouttunpää, K, Kangasluoma, P, et al. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1984; 22: 207–11.

Watson, R. Antepartum haemorrhage of uncertain origin. Br J Clin Pract 1982; 36: 222–6.

Macafee, CHG, Harley, JMG. Antepartum haemorrhage. In Claye, A (ed.), British Obstetric Practice: Obstetrics, 3rd edn. London: Heinemann, 1963, pp 195–204.

Willocks, J. Antepartum haemorrhage of uncertain origin. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78: 987–91.

Naftolin, F, Khudr, G, Benirschke, K, Hutchinson, DL. The syndrome of chronic abruptio placentae, hydorrhoea and circumvallate placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 116: 347–50.

Walker, J, MacGillivary, I, MacNaughton, MC (eds). Combined Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 9th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1976, pp. 133–45.

Boyle, B, McConkey, R, Garne, E, et al. Trends in the prevalence, risk and pregnancy outcome of multiple births with congenital anomaly: a registry-based study in 14 European countries 1984–2007. BJOG 2013; 120: 707–16.

Office for National Statistics. Birth characteristics in England and Wales: 2016. Statistical Bulletin October 2017. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthcharacteristicsinenglandandwales/2016 (accessed September 2018).

Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Osterman, MJK, Driscoll, AK, Drake, P. Births: final data for 2016. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2018; 67(1): 1–55. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf (accessed September 2018).

Vayssiere, C, Benoist, G, Blondel, B, et al. Twin pregnancies: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 156: 12–17.

Hall, JG. Twinning. Lancet 2003; 362: 735–43.

Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Sutton, PD, et al. Births: final data for 2006. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2009; 57: 1–102

Chauhan, SP, Scardo, JA, Hayes, E, Abuhamad, AZ, Berghella, V. Twins: prevalence, problems, and preterm births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 305–15.

Macfarlane, A, Blondel, B. Demographic trends in Western European countries. In Blickstein, I, Keith, LG (eds), Multiple Pregnancy: Epidemiology, Gestation, and Perinatal Outcome, 2nd edn. London: Taylor & Francis, 2005, pp. 11–21.

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Multiple births and single embryo transfer review, 2013. http://www.hfea.gov.uk/Multiple-births-after-IVF.html (accessed March 2017).

Weber, MA, Sebire, NJ. Genetics and developmental pathology of twinning. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 15: 313–18.

Benirschke, K, Kim, CK. Multiple pregnancy. 2. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 1329–36.

Derom, C, Vlietinck, R, Derom, R, Van den Berghe, H, Thiery, M. Increased monozygotic twinning rate after ovulation induction. Lancet 1987; 1: 1236–8.

Umranikar, A, Parmar, D, Davies, S, Fountain, S. Multiple births following in vitro fertilization treatment: redefining success. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 299–304.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility Problems: Assessment and Treatment. Clinical Guideline CG156. London: NICE, 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156 (accessed March 2017).

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Multiple Pregnancy Following Assisted Reproduction. Scientific Impact Paper No. 22. London: RCOG, 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/sip_no_22.pdf (accessed March 2017).

Luke, B, Brown, MB, Wantman, E, Stern, JE. Factors associated with monozygosity in assisted reproductive technology pregnancies and the risk of recurrence using linked cycles. Fertil Steril 2014; 101: 683–9.

Busnelli, A, Dallagiovanna, C, Reschini, M, et al. Risk factors for monozygotic twinning after in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2019; 111: 302–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.10.025.

Glujovsky, D, Blake, D, Farquhar, C, Bardach, A. Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (7): CD002118.

McLernon, D, Harrild, K, Bergh, C, et al. Clinical effectiveness of elective single versus double embryo transfer: meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. BMJ 2010; 341: c6945.

Gelbaya, TA, Tsoumpou, I, Nardo, LG. The likelihood of live birth and multiple birth after single versus double embryo transfer at the cleavage stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 936–45.

Luke, B, Gopal, D, Cabral, H, et al. Adverse pregnancy, birth, and infant outcomes in twins: effects of maternal fertility status and infant gender combinations; the Massachusetts Outcomes Study of Assisted Reproductive Technology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217: 330.e1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.025.

Helmerhorst, FM, Perquin, DA, Donker, D, Keirse, MJ. Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception: a systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2004; 328: 261.

Santana, DS, Cecatti, JG, Surita, FG, et al. Twin pregnancy and severe maternal outcomes: the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: 631–41. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001338.

Rao, A, Sairam, S, Shehata, H. Obstetric complications of twin pregnancies. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 18: 557–76.

Sibai, BM, Hauth, J, Caritis, S, et al. Hypertensive disorders in twin versus singleton gestations. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 938–42.

Laine, K, Murzakanova, G, Sole, KB, et al. Prevalence and risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in twin pregnancies: a population-based register study. BMJ Open 2019; 9 (7): e029908. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029908.

Schwartz, DB, Daoud, Y, Zazula, P, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: metabolic and blood glucose parameters in singleton versus twin pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 912–14.

Goldenberg, RL, Culhane, JF, Iams, JD, Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008; 371: 75–84.

Blondel, B, Macfarlane, A, Gissler, M, Breart, G, Zeitlin, J. General obstetrics: preterm birth and multiple pregnancy in European countries participating in the PERISTAT project. BJOG 2006; 113: 528–35.

Victoria, A, Mora, G, Arias, F. Perinatal outcome, placental pathology, and severity of discordance in monochorionic and dichorionic twins. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 310–15.

Ross, LE, McQueen, K, Vigod, S, Dennis, CL. Risk for postpartum depression associated with assisted reproductive technologies and multiple births: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17: 96–106.

Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safe: 2003–2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH, 2007.

Sebire, N Anomalous development in twins (including monozygotic duplication). In Kilby, M, Baker, P, Critchley, H, Field, D (eds), Multiple Pregnancy. London: RCOG Press; 2006, pp. 59–88.

Glinianaia, SV, Rankin, J, Wright, C. Congenital anomalies in twins: a register-based study. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 1306–11.

Morin, L, Lim, K, Bly, S, et al. Ultrasound in twin pregnancies: no. 260, June 2011. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2011; 115: 117–18.

Berghella, V, Saccone, G. Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 9: CD007235. https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4.

Sun, LM, Chen, XK, Wen, SW, et al. Perinatal outcomes of normal cotwins in twin pregnancies with one structurally anomalous fetus: a population-based retrospective study. Am J Perinatol 2009; 26: 51–6.

Pandya, PP, Snijders, RJ, Psara, N, Hilbert, L, Nicolaides, KH. The prevalence of non-viable pregnancy at 10–13 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 7: 170–3.

Sebire, NJ, Snijders, RJ, Hughes, K, Sepulveda, W, Nicolaides, KH. The hidden mortality of monochorionic twin pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1203–7.

D’Antonio, F, Khalil, A, Dias, T, Thilaganathan, B. Early fetal loss in monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies: analysis of the Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK) multiple pregnancy cohort. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 632–6.

Sebire, NJ, Thornton, S, Hughes, K, Snijders, RJ, Nicolaides, KH. The prevalence and consequences of missed abortion in twin pregnancies at 10 to 14 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 847–8.

Landy, H, Keith, L. The vanishing twin: a review. Hum Reprod Update 1998; 4: 177–83.

Kamath, MS, Antonisamy, B, Selliah, HY, Sunkara, SK. Perinatal outcomes of singleton live births with and without vanishing twin following transfer of multiple embryos: analysis of 113 784 singleton live births. Hum Reprod 2018; 33: 2018–22. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey284.

Ong, S, Zamora, J, Khan, K, Kilby, M. Prognosis for the co-twin following single-twin death: a systematic review. BJOG 2006; 113: 992–8.

Hillman, SC, Morris, RK, Kilby, MD. Co-twin prognosis after single fetal death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 928–40.

D’Antonio, F, Thilaganathan, B, Dias, T, et al. Influence of chorionicity and gestational age at single fetal loss on risk of preterm birth in twin pregnancy: analysis of STORK multiple pregnancy cohort. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50: 723–7. doi: 10.1002/uog.17426.

Breathnach, FM, Malone, FD. Fetal growth disorders in twin gestations. Semin Perinatol 2012; 36: 175–81.

Breathnach, FM, McAuliffe, FM, Geary, M, et al. Definition of intertwin birth weight discordance. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 94–103.

Lewi, L, Deprest, J. Management of twin pregnancies: where do we go from here? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 601–4.

Kalafat, E, Thilaganathan, B, Papageorghiou, A, Bhide, A, Khalil, A. Significance of placental cord insertion site in twin pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52: 378–84. doi: 10.1002/uog.18914.

Couck, I, Mourad Tawfic, N, Deprest, J, et al. Does site of cord insertion increase risk of adverse outcome, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and discordant growth in monochorionic twin pregnancy? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52: 385–9. doi: 10.1002/uog.18926.

Jones, R, Roberton, N. Small for dates babies: are they really a problem? Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 877–80.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 169: Multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: e131–46.

Miller, J, Chauhan, SP, Abuhamad, AZ. Discordant twins: diagnosis, evaluation and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 10–20.

Ananth, CV, Joseph, K, Demissie, K, Vintzileos, AM. Trends in twin preterm birth subtypes in the United States, 1989 through 2000: impact on perinatal mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 1076.e1–9.

Kiely, JL. What is the population-based risk of preterm birth among twins and other multiples? Clin Obstet Gynecol 1998; 41: 3–11.

Stoll, BJ, Hansen, NI, Bell, EF, et al. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 443–56.

Murphy, D, MacKenzie, I. The mortality and morbidity associated with umbilical cord prolapse. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 826–30.

Cohen, M, Kohl, S, Rosenthal, A. Fetal interlocking complicating twin gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965; 91: 407–12.

Pharoah, P. Neurological outcome in twins. Semin Neonatol 2002; 7: 223–30.

MBRRACE-UK. Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report: UK perinatal deaths for births from January to December 2014. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, 2016. https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK-PMS-Report-2014.pdf (accessed March 2017).

Draper, ES, Gallimore, ID, Kurinczuk, JJ, et al., on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK Collaboration. MBRRACE-UK Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report, UK Perinatal Deaths for Births from January to December 2016. Leicester: Infant Mortality and Morbidity Studies, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, 2018.

Danon, D, Sekar, R, Hack, KE, Fisk, NM. Increased stillbirth in uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121: 1318–26.

Dube, J, Dodds, L, Armson, BA. Does chorionicity or zygosity predict adverse perinatal outcomes in twins? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 579–83.

Barigye, O, Pasquini, L, Galea, P, et al. High risk of unexpected late fetal death in monochorionic twins despite intensive ultrasound surveillance: a cohort study. PLoS Med 2005; 2 (6): e172.

Spitz, L. Conjoined twins. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25: 814–19.

Mutchinick, OM, Luna-Muñoz, L, Amar, E, et al. Conjoined twins: a worldwide collaborative epidemiological study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2011; 157C: 274–87.

Chen, CP, Hsu, CY, Su, JW, et al. Conjoined twins detected in the first trimester: a review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50: 424–31.

Dias, T, Mahsud-Dornan, S, Bhide, A, Papageorghiou, AT, Thilaganathan, B. Cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twin pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 35: 201–4.

Baxi, LV, Walsh, CA. Monoamniotic twins in contemporary practice: a single-center study of perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23: 506–10.

Hack, KE, Derks, JB, Schaap, AH, et al. Perinatal outcome of monoamniotic twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 353–60.

Rossi, AC, Prefumo, F. Impact of cord entanglement on perinatal outcome of monoamniotic twins: a systematic review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 131–5.

Sueters, M, Oepkes, D. Diagnosis of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, selective fetal growth restriction, twin anaemia-polycythaemia sequence, and twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 215–26.

Khalil, A, Beune, I, Hecher, K, et al. Consensus definition and essential reporting parameters of selective fetal growth restriction in twin pregnancy: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53: 47–54. doi: 10.1002/uog.19013.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Monochorionic Twin Pregnancy, 2nd edn. Green-top Guideline No. 51. London: RCOG, 2016. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg51/ (accessed March 2017).

Gratacos, E, Antolin, E, Lewi, L, et al. Monochorionic twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction and intermittent absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (Type III): feasibility and perinatal outcome of fetoscopic placental laser coagulation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 31: 669–75.

Gratacos, E, Lewi, L, Muñoz, B, et al. A classification system for selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic pregnancies according to umbilical artery Doppler flow in the smaller twin. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30: 28–34.

Healey, MG. Acardia: predictive risk factors for the co-twin’s survival. Teratology 1994; 50: 205–13.

Lewi, L, Valencia, C, Gonzalez, E, Deprest, J, Nicolaides, KH. The outcome of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence diagnosed in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 213.e1–4.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrauterine laser ablation of placental vessels for the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. NICE Interventional Procedure Guidance IPG198. London: NICE, 2006. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg198 (accessed March 2017).

Denbow, M, Fogliani, R, Kyle, P, et al. Haematological indices at fetal blood sampling in monochorionic pregnancies complicated by feto-fetal transfusion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18: 941–6.

Stagnati, V, Zanardini, C, Fichera, A, et al. Early prediction of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016. doi: 10.1002/uog.15989. [Epub ahead of print]

Mackie, FL, Whittle, R, Morris, RK, et al. First-trimester ultrasound measurements and maternal serum biomarkers as prognostic factors in monochorionic twins: a cohort study. Diagn Progn Res 2019; 3: 9. doi: 10.1186/s41512-019-0054-9.

Simpson, LL. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208: 3–18.

Quintero, RA, Morales, WJ, Allen, MH, et al. Staging of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. J Perinatol 1999; 19: 550–5.

Lopriore, E, Oepkes, D, Walther, FJ. Neonatal morbidity in twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87: 595–9.

Tollenaar, LSA, Lopriore, E, Middeldorp, JM, et al. Improved prediction of twin anemia–polycythemia sequence by delta middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity: new antenatal classification system. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53: 788–93. doi: 10.1002/uog.20096.

Tavares de Sousa, M, Fonseca, A, Hecher, K. Role of fetal intertwin difference in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in predicting neonatal twin anemia–polycythemia sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53: 794–7. doi: 10.1002/uog.20116.