Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-04T10:43:57.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section II - Public Health Principles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2018

David Townes
Affiliation:
University of Washington, Seattle
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Health in Humanitarian Emergencies
Principles and Practice for Public Health and Healthcare Practitioners
, pp. 79 - 294
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

ACAPS. (2015a). A review of needs assessments undertaken after disasters or during humanitarian emergencies from 2000–2015, ACAPS, unpublished.Google Scholar
ACAPS. (2015b). ACAPS 2012 Review of flash appeals. Available at www.acaps.org (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Darcy, J., Hofman, C. A. (2003). According to need? Needs assessment and decision-making in the humanitarian sector. ODI: London, September 2003. Available at www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/285.pdf (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Garfield, R., Blake, C., Chatainger, P., Walton-Ellery, S. (2011). Common needs assessments and humanitarian action. HPN network paper 69. ODI: London: 2011. Available at www.odihpn.org/documents/networkpaper069.pdf (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Humanitarian Response. (2015a). Available at www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/programme-cycle/space/resource-mobilization-overview (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
IASC needs assessment task force, operational guidance for coordinated assessments in humanitarian crises. (2009). Draft version For Needs Assessment Task Force, Geneva, 23 July 2009.Google Scholar
IASC operational guidance on coordinated assessments in humanitarian crises, NATF, 2012. (2012). Available at www.humanitarianrepsoonse.info/programmecycle/space/document/operational-guidance coordinated-assessments-humanitarian-crises-0 (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Lovon, M., and Austion, L. (2016). OCHA coordinated assessment support section review of coordinated assessment and joint analysis processes and outputs. Geneva: OCHA, 2016.Google Scholar
NOAA. (2015). Available at http://coast.noaa.gov/needsassessment/# (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
ReliefWeb. (2015). Available at www.reliefweb.int (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Rencoret, N., Stoddard, A., Haver, K., Taylor, G., and Harvey, P. (2010). Alnap: London, 2010. Haiti earthquake response, context analysis, pp. 2527. Available at www.alnap.org/pool/files/haiti-context-analysis-final.pdf (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Semrau, M., Petragallo, S., Griekspoor, A., de Radigues, X., and van Ommeren, M. One innovative example is the HESPER scale. The HESPER Scale: a tool to assess perceived needs in humanitarian emergencies. Available at www.odihpn.org/the-humanitarian-space/news/announcements/blog-articles/the-hesper-scale-a-tool-to-assess-perceived-needs-in-humanitarian-emergencies (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
Stoianova, V. Donor funding in Haiti, Assessing humanitarian needs after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Available at www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/report/haiti-funding-according-to-needs (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2011). Available at www.sphereproject.org/handbook/ (Accessed December 31, 2015).Google Scholar

References

Bilukha, O., Prudhon, C., Moloney, G., Hailey, P., and Doledec, D. (2012). Measuring anthropometric indicators through nutrition surveillance in humanitarian settings: options, issues, and ways forward. Food Nutr Bull, 33(2), 169176.Google Scholar
Binkin, N., Sullivan, K., Staehling, N., and Nieburg, P. (1992). Rapid nutrition surveys: How many clusters are enough? Disasters, 16(2), 97103.Google Scholar
Cairns, K. L., Woodruff, B. A., Myatt, M., Bartlett, L., Goldberg, H., and Roberts, L. (2009). Cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively mortality in humanitarian emergencies. Disasters, 33(4), 503521.Google Scholar
CE-DAT. (2009). CE-DAT Complex Emergency Database (online). Available at: http://cedat.be/ (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
CE-DAT Expert Group. (2010). CE-DAT Completeness checklist (online). Available at: http://cedat.be/sites/default/files/completeness%20checklist%20form%20170610_0.pdf (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
Degomme, O. and Guha-Sapir, D. (2007). Mortality and nutrition surveys by non-governmental organisations. Perspectives from the CE-DAT database. Emerg Themes Epidemiol, 4, 11.Google Scholar
ENA for SMART. (2011). ENA for SMART – Software for Emergency Nutrition Assessment (online). Available at: www.nutrisurvey.net/ena/ena.html (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
Gernaat, H. B., Dechering, W. H., and Voorhoeve, H. W. (1996). Absolute values or Z scores of mid-upper arm circumference to identify wasting? Evaluation in a community as well as a clinical sample of under fives from Nchelenge, Zambia. J Trop Pediatr, 42(1), 2733.Google Scholar
Global Nutrition Cluster. (2011). Harmonised Training Package (online). Available at: www.nutritioncluster.net/training-topics/harmonized-training-package (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2012). Multi-Cluster/Sector Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA). Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Kaiser, R., Woodruff, B. A., Bilukha, O., Spiegel, P. B., and Salama, P. (2006). Using design effects from previous cluster surveys to guide sample size calculation in emergency settings. Disasters, 30(2), 199211.Google Scholar
Prudhon, C., de Radigues, X., Dale, N., and Checchi, F. (2011). An algorithm to assess methodological quality of nutrition and mortality cross-sectional surveys: development and application to surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan. Popul Health Metr, 9(1), 57.Google Scholar
Prudhon, C. and Spiegel, P. B. (2007). A review of methodology and analysis of nutrition and mortality surveys conducted in humanitarian emergencies from October 1993 to April 2004. Emerg Themes Epidemiol, 4, 10.Google Scholar
Save the Children. (2004). Emergency nutrition assessment: Guidelines for field workers. Save the Children: London.Google Scholar
SMART Methodology. (2012). Standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions (online). Available : http://smartmethodology.org/ (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
Spiegel, P., Salama, P., and Maloney, S. (2004). Quality of malnutrition assessment surveys conducted during famine in Ethiopia. JAMA, 292, 613618.Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2011). The Sphere Project: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response (online). Available at: www.spherehandbook.org/ (Accessed on July 6, 2017).Google Scholar
Turner, A. G., Magnani, R. J., and Shuaib, M. (1996). A not quite as quick but much cleaner alternative to the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Cluster Survey design. Int J Epidemiol, 25(1), 198203.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). UNHCR standardised expanded nutrition survey (SENS) (online). Available at: www.sens.unhcr.org/ (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition. (2009). Nutrition information in crisis situations (online). Available at: www.unscn.org/web/archives_resources/files/NICS_No_1.pdf (Accessed on June 30, 2017).Google Scholar
Watson, F., Negussie, B., Dolan, C., Shoham, J., and Hall, A. (2011). Quality and potential use of data collected during nutrition surveys: an analysis of surveys in Ethiopia. Int Health, 3(2), 8590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Group. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Food Programme and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). A manual: measuring and interpreting malnutrition and mortality. World Food Programme: Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2000). The management of nutrition in major emergencies. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012). Outbreak surveillance and response in humanitarian emergencies: WHO guidelines for EWARN implementation. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund. (1997). The sisterhood method for estimating maternal mortality: Guidance notes for potential users. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001). Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(44), 984986.Google Scholar
Gayer, M., Legros, D., Formenty, P., and Connolly, M. A. (2007). Conflict and emerging infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis, 13(11).Google Scholar
Global Health Security Agenda (online). Available at: www.globalhealth.gov/global-health-topics/global-health-security/GHS%20Agenda.pdf (Accessed September 5, 2014).Google Scholar
Kamugisha, C., Cairns, K. L., and Akim, C. (2003). An outbreak of measles in Tanzanian refugee camps. J Infect Dis, 187(Suppl 1), S58S62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nsubuga, P., White, M. E., Thacker, S. B., et al. (2006). Public health surveillance: A tool for targeting and monitoring interventions, in Jamison, D. T., Breman, J. G., Measham, A. R., et al., eds., Disease control priorities in developing countries, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 9971015.Google Scholar
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2012a). Nigeria: Floods, Situation Report No. 1 (online). Available at: http://foodsecuritycluster.net/sites/default/files/SITREP%20NIGERIA%20Floods%2001%20-%202012–11-06.pdf (Accessed September 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2012b). Nigeria: Floods, Situation Report No. 3 (online). Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1165.pdf (Accessed September 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Refugee health: An approach to emergency situations. (1997). London: Macmillan Education.Google Scholar
Siddique, A. K., Akram, K., Zaman, K., et al. (1995). Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire. The Lancet, 345(8946), 359–61.Google Scholar
Teutsch, S. and Churchill, R. E. (2000). Principles and practice of public health surveillance. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 292.Google Scholar
Thacker, S. B., and Berkelman, R. L. (1988). Public health surveillance in the United States. Epidemiol Rev, 10, 164–90.Google Scholar
Toole, M. and Waldmann, R. (1990). Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. JAMA, 263(24), 32963302.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). IHR procedures concerning public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) (online). Available at: www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/ (Accessed January 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Outbreak surveillance and response in humanitarian emergencies: WHO guidelines for EWARN implementation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 6.Google Scholar

References

Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP). (2006). Evaluating humanitarian action using the OECD-DAC criteria: an ALNAP guide for humanitarian agencies. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: www.alnap.org/resource/5253 (Accessed April 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Advanced Training Program on Humanitarian Action (ATHA). Humanitarian Space. Available at: www.atha.se/content/humanitarian-space (Accessed October, 28 2014).Google Scholar
Bamberger, M., Rugh, J., and Mabry, L. (2012). Real world evaluation: Working under budget, time, data, and political constraints, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bamrah, S., Mbithi, A., Muhenje, O., et al. (2009). The impact of post-election violence on HIV and other healthcare services, Kenya, January-February 2008. Nairobi, Kenya: Medical Outreach, Inc.Google Scholar
Borton, J. (2014). Twenty years on: The Rwandan genocide and the evaluation of the humanitarian response. Humanitarian Practice Network, Blogs and Articles, 6 April 2014. Available at: www.odihpn.org/the-humanitarian-space/news/announcements/blog-articles/twenty-years-on-the-rwandan-genocide-and-the-evaluation-of-the-humanitarian-response (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999, September). Framework for program evaluation in public health. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(RR-11). Available at: ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/rr/rr4811.pdf (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008a). Data collection methods for program evaluation: focus groups. Eval Briefs, 13, 12. Available at: www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief13.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008b). Data collection methods for program evaluation: observation evaluation. Eval Briefs, 16, 12. Available at: www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief16.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Evaluation of a Blanket Supplementary Feeding Program in Two Counties in Kenya, August 2011 – March 2012. Available at: www.alnap.org/resource/9410 (Accessed June 19, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Evaluation reporting: A guide to help ensure use of evaluation findings. US Dept. of Health and Human Services; Atlanta, GA. Available at: www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/docs/Evaluation_Reporting_Guide.pdf (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Dabelstein, N. (1996). Evaluating the international humanitarian system: rationale, process and management of the joint evaluation of the international response to the Rwanda genocide. Disasters, 20(4), 287294.Google Scholar
Davidson, J. Monitoring and evaluation: let’s get crystal clear on the difference, 14 Jan 2013. Available at: http://genuineevaluation.com/monitoring-and-evaluation-lets-get-crystal-clear-on-the-difference/ (Accessed July 30, 2014).Google Scholar
Emergency Capacity Building Project. (2007). Impact measurement and accountability in emergencies: The good enough guide. Oxfam; Oxford, UK. Available at www.ecbproject.org/resource/18044 (Accessed February 24, 2015).Google Scholar
Emergency Capacity Building Project. (2011). The Project. Available at: www.ecbproject.org/the-project/theproject (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
EvalPartners: The International Evaluation Partnership Initiative. Ban Ki-moon: “All of us share a responsibility to strengthen the evaluation function”, April 16, 2013. Available at: http://mymande.org/evalyear/UNSG_Speech_Evaluation_EP (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Frechtling, J, (2002). The 2002 user friendly handbook for project evaluation. The National Science Foundation: Arlington, VA. Available at: www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02057/nsf02057_4.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Hallam, A. (1998). Evaluating humanitarian assistance programmes in complex emergencies. Relief Rehab Network. Available at: www.odihpn.org/hpn-resources/good-practice-reviews/evaluating-humanitarian-assistance-programmes-in-complex-emergencies (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Hallam, A. (2011). Harnessing the power of evaluation in humanitarian action: An initiative to improve understanding and use of evaluation. Available at www.alnap.org/resource/6123 (Accessed October 27, 2014).Google Scholar
Humanitarian Accountability Partnership. (2014). The Core Humanitarian Standard. Available at: www.hapinternational.org/what-we-do/the-core-humanitarian-standard.aspx (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
International Evaluation Partnership Initiative. (2014). 2015 declared as the International Year of Evaluation. Available at: http://mymande.org/evalyear (Accessed July 22, 2014).Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. (2013). Criteria for selection of high-performing indicators: a checklist to inform monitoring and evaluation. Available at: www.wmich.edu/evalctr/checklists/evaluation-checklists (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. (2014). Framework for program evaluation in public health: a checklist of steps and standards. Available at www.wmich.edu/evalctr/checklists/evaluation-checklists (Accessed May 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Mathison, S., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
MercyCorps. (October 2012). Analysis of host community-refugee tensions in Mafraq, Jordan. Available at http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=2958 (Accessed November 12, 2014).Google Scholar
Morinière, L. (2011). External evaluation of the Haiti emergency relief and response fund (ERRF), 2008–2011. Available at: https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/ERRF%20Haiti%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf (Accessed May 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Oliver, M. L. (2008). Evaluation of Emergency Response: Humanitarian Aid Agencies and Evaluation Influence. Public Management and Policy Dissertations, Department of Public Management and Policy, Georgia State University, Paper 23. Available at: http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/pmap_diss/23 (Accessed May 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development—Development Assistance Committee. (1991). Principles for evaluation of development assistance. DAC High-Level Meeting, 3 and 4 December 1991, Paris. Available at: www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/2755284.pdf (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development—Development Assistance Committee. (1999). Guidance for evaluation humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies. Available at: www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/2667294.pdf (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development—Development Assistance Committee. (2002). Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management. Available at: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/21/2754804.pdf (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development—Development Assistance Committee. (2014). DAC criteria for evaluating development assistance. Available at: www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/daccriteriaforevaluatingdevelopmentassistance.htm (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Relief and Rehabilitation Network. (1996). The Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda: Study III Principal Findings and Recommendations, Network Paper 16. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: www.odihpn.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=2132 (Accessed May 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Sida, L., Gray, B., and Asmare, E. (2012). IASC real-time evaluation of the humanitarian response to the Horn of Africa drought crisis in Somalia. Available at: https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/IASC%20RTE%20Ethiopia%202012.pdf (Accessed May 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Smith, M. B. and Cosgrave, J. (2013). Evaluation of humanitarian action: Pilot guide. London: ALNAP. Available at: www.alnap.org/eha# (Accessed April 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Taylor-Powell, E. and Steele, S. (1996). Collecting evaluation data: an overview of sources and methods. U Wisconsin-Extension. Available at: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/g3658-4.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2004). Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2011). Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.Google Scholar
United Nations Evaluation Group. (2010). UNEG quality checklist for evaluation reports. Available at: www.unevaluation.org/document/detail/607 (Accessed March 27, 2015).Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014a). Public health data: Balanced scorecard. Available at: www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646ce0.html. (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014b). http://twine.unhcr.org/app/ (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2014). Thematic areas: evaluations of humanitarian response [website]. Available at: www.unocha.org/what-we-do/policy/thematic-areas/evaluations-of-humanitarian-response/overview (Accessed June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Weiss, C. H. (1998). Evaluation, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Yarbrough, D. B., Caruthers, F. A., Shulha, L. M., et al. (2011). The program evaluation standards: A guide for evaluators and evaluation users, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

References

Aiello, A. M., Coulborn, R. M., Perez, V., and Larson, E. L. (2008). Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 98(8), 13721381.Google Scholar
Ali, S. I. and Kadir, K. (2016). Water treatment. WASH in emergencies problem exploration report. Humanitarian Innovation Fund (online). Available at: www.elrha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Water-Treatment-WASH-Problem-Exploration-Report.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
Amin, N., Pickering, A. J., Ram, P. K., et al. (2014). Microbiological evaluation of the efficacy of soapy water to clean hands: A randomized, non-inferiority field trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91(2), 415423.Google Scholar
Berendes, D., Levy, K., Knee, J., Handzel, T., and Hill, V. R. (2015). Ascaris and Escherichia coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PLOS ONE, 10(5).Google Scholar
Connolly, M. A., Gayer, M., Ryan, M. J., et al. (2004). Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. The Lancet, 364(9449), 19741983.Google Scholar
Contzen, N. and Mosler, H. J. (2013). Impact of different promotional channels on handwashing behaviour in an emergency context: Haiti post-earthquake public health promotions and cholera response. Journal of Public Health, 21(6), 559573.Google Scholar
Curtis, V. A., Danquah, L. O., and Aunger, R. V. (2009). Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: An eleven country review. Health Education Research, 24(4), 655673.Google Scholar
Davis, J. and Lambert, R. (2002). Engineering in emergencies. 1st edition. London: ITDG.Google Scholar
Dreibelbis, R., Kroeger, A., Hossain, K., Venkatesh, M., and Ram, P. (2016). Behavior Change without Behavior Change Communication: Nudging Handwashing among Primary School Students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 129.Google Scholar
Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Ehiri, J. E., Arikpo, D., Meremikwu, M. M., and Critchley, J. A. (2015) Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9.Google Scholar
Foote, A., Woods, E., Lokey, H., Hakspiel, D., and Earwaker, P. (2016). Lessons learned: Designing and implementing a new approach to sanitation in Kakuma Refugee Camp (online). Available at: https://sanivation.app.box.com/v/LessonsLearnedKakuma (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
Fuller, J. A., Clasen, T., Heijnen, M., and Eisenberg, J. N. (2014). Shared sanitation and the prevalence of diarrhea in young children: Evidence from 51 countries, 2001–2011. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91(1), 173180.Google Scholar
Goma Epidemiology Group. (1995). Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? The Lancet, 345 (8946), 339344.Google Scholar
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J. F., and Kett, M. (2011). Water and sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: a literature review and discussion of implications for global health and international development. Journal of Water and Health, 09.4, 617627.Google Scholar
Handicap International (2009). Accessibility for all in an emergency context (online). Available at: www2.wpro.who.int/internet/files/eha/toolkit/web/Technical%20References/Disabilities/Accessibility%20for%20All%20in%20Emergency%20Context%202009.pdf (Accessed on March 15, 2017).Google Scholar
Harvey, P. (2007). Excreta disposal in emergencies. Leicestershire: WEDC, Loughborough University.Google Scholar
Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., et al. (2014). Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: A systematic review of health outcomes. PLoS ONE, 9(4).Google Scholar
House, S., Mahon, T., and Cavill, S. (2012). Menstrual hygiene matters: A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. WaterAid (online). Available at: www.wateraid.org/mhm. (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
Hulland, K., Martin, N., Dreibelbis, R., et al. (2015) What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? A systematic review of literature. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London (online). Available at: http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/PDF%20reviews%20and%20summaries/WASH%20technologies%202015%20Hulland%20report.pdf?ver=2015–06-10–141853-910 (Accessed on July 7, 2017).Google Scholar
Husain, F., Hardy, C., Zekele, L., et al. (2015). A pilot study of a portable hand washing station for recently displaced refugees during an acute emergency in Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, Ethiopia. Conflict and Health, 9 (26).Google Scholar
Islam, M. A., Azad, A. K., Akber, M. A., Rahman, M., and Sadhu, I. (2015). Effectiveness of solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Water and Health, 13(4), 11131122.Google Scholar
Juillard, H. and Opu, M. I. (2015). Scoping study of emergency cash transfer programming in the WaSH and shelter sectors. Cash Learning Partnership (online). Available at: www.cashlearning.org/downloads/scopingstudy-emergencyctpinwashandshelter.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
Kwasnicka, D., Dombrowski, S. U., White, M., and Sniehotta, F. (2016). Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 277296.Google Scholar
Lantagne, D. S. and Clasen, T. F. (2009). Point of use water treatment in emergency response. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (online). Available at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnads134.pdf (Accessed on July 7, 2017).Google Scholar
Lantagne, D. S. and Clasen, T. F. (2012). Use of household water treatment and safe storage methods in acute emergency response: Case study results from Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, and Haiti. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(20), 1135211360.Google Scholar
Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS), Second edition. (2014). Accessed December 1, 2017. Available at: http://www.livestock-emergency.net/download-legs//Google Scholar
MoHCDGEC. (2016). Cholera outbreak summary. United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community development, gender, elderly, and children. December 11, 2016, update # 415.Google Scholar
MSF. (2010). Public health engineering in precarious situations. 2nd edition, Paris: Médecins Sans Frontières.Google Scholar
Naugle, D. A. and Hornik, R. C. (2014). Systematic review of the effectiveness of mass media interventions for child survival in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 190215.Google Scholar
Nawaz, J., Lal, S., Raza, S., and House, S. (2010). Oxfam experience of providing screened toilet, bathing and menstruation units in its earthquake response in Pakistan. Gender & Development, 18(1), 8186.Google Scholar
Neal, D., Vujcic, J., Burns, R., et al. (2016). Nudging and habit change for open defecation: new tactics from behavioral science. World Bank Group (online). Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/905011467990970572 /Nudging-and-habit-change-for-open-defecation-new-tactics-from-behavioral-science (Accessed on January 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Nizame, F. A., Nasreen, S., Halder, A. K., et al. (2015). Observed Practices and Perceived Advantages of Different Hand Cleansing Agents in Rural Bangladesh: Ash, Soil, and Soap. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92(6), 11111116.Google Scholar
Oxfam (2011). Urban WASH Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Response in Haiti (online). Available at: www.alnap.org/pool/files/tbn20-wash-urban-lessons-learnt-haiti-06052011-en.pdf (Accessed on January 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Patel, D., Brooks, N., and Bastable, A. (2011). Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince. Waterlines, 30(1).Google Scholar
Peepoople (n.d.). Peepoople (online). Available at: www.peepoople.com/ (Accessed on December 20, 2017).Google Scholar
Phillips, R. M., Vujcic, J., Boscoe, A., et al. (2015). Soap is not enough: handwashing practices and knowledge in refugee camps, Maban County, South Sudan. Conflict and Health, 9(1).Google Scholar
Pickering, A. J., Boehm, A.  B., Mwanjali, M., and Davis, J. (2010). Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: A field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82(2), 270278.Google Scholar
Ramesh, A., Blanchet, K., and Ensink, J. H. J. (2015). Evidence on the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Interventions on Health Outcomes in Humanitarian Crises: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 10(9).Google Scholar
Ramos, M., Benelli, P., Irvine, E., and Watson, J. (2016). WASH Problem exploration report: Handwashing. Humanitarian Innovation Fund (online). Available at: www.elrha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Handwashing-WASH-Problem-Exploration-Report.pdf (Accessed on December 20, 2016).Google Scholar
Sommer, M., Schmitt, M., Clatworthy, D. (2017). A toolkit for integrating Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) into humanitarian response. (First edit). New York: Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health and International Rescue CommitteeGoogle Scholar
Sozzi, E., Fabre, K., Fesselet, J. F., Ebdon, J. E., and Taylor, H. (2015). Minimizing the risk of disease transmission in emergency settings: Novel in situ physico-chemical disinfection of pathogen-laden hospital wastewaters. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9(6).Google Scholar
Sphere Project. (2011). Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (online). Available at: www.sphereproject.org/handbook/ (Accessed on October 12, 2016).Google Scholar
Stelmach, R. D. and Clasen, T. (2015). Household water quantity and health: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12(6), 59545974.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. L., Kahawita, T. M., Cairncross, S., et al. (2015). The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to control cholera: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 10(8).Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2007). WASH cluster M&E toolkit for hygiene indicators (online). Available at: http://toolkit.ineesite.org/toolkit/INEEcms/uploads/1071/Indicators_for_monitoring_Hygiene_Promotion.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2009). Introduction to hygiene promotion: Tools and approaches (online). Available at: www.unicefinemergencies.com/downloads/eresource/docs/WASH/WASH%20Introduction%20to%20Hygiene%20Promotion.Tools%20and%20Approaches.pdf (Accessed on Nov. 29, 2016).Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2013). Cholera toolkit. Available at: www.unicef.org/cholera_toolkit/ (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
Wolfe, M. K., Wells, E., Mitro, B., et al. (2016) Seeking Clearer Recommendations for Hand Hygiene in Communities Facing Ebola: A Randomized Trial Investigating the Impact of Six Handwashing Methods on Skin Irritation and Dermatitis. PLoS ONE, 11(12).Google Scholar
World Helath Organization. (1993). Guidelines for Cholera Control. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/36837/1/924154449X.pdf (Accessed January 22, 2018).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1997). The guidelines for drinking-water quality Volume 3—Surveillance and control of community supplies (online). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwqvol32ed.pdf (Accessed on December 12, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta, and Greywater: Volume 4 Excreta and greywater use in agriculture (online). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ (Accessed on December 12, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2008). Essential environmental health standards in health care (online). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/settings/ehs_health_care.pdf.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edition (online). Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities (online). Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85349/1/9789241548564_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2015). Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (online). Available at: www.who.int/hrh/documents/21may2015_web_final.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization and UNICEF (2015). Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities Status in low- and middle-income countries and way forward (online). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ (Accessed on November 29, 2016).Google Scholar
WHO. (2017). Diarrhoeal disease. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/ (Accessed on January 22, 2018)Google Scholar
Wright, J., Gundry, S., and Conroy, R. (2004). Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9(1), 106117.Google Scholar
Yates, T. M., Armitage, E., Lehmann, L. V., Branz, A. J., and Lantagne, D. S. (2015). Effectiveness of chlorine dispensers in emergencies: Case study results from Haiti, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Senegal. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(8), 51155122.Google Scholar

References

Action Contre La Faim International. 2010. Taking action. Nutrition for survival, growth and development, white paper.Google Scholar
Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B. A., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S. S., Sachdev, H. P., and Shekar, M. Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study Group. (2008). What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet, 371, 417440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilukha, O., Prudhon, C., Moloney, G., Hailey, P., and Doledec, D. (2012). Measuring anthropometric indicators through nutrition surveillance in humanitarian settings: Options, issues, and ways forward. Food Nutr Bull, 33, 169176.Google Scholar
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Ulkuer, N., Gardner, J. M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Lozoff, B., Engle, P. L., and De Mello, M. C. 2008a. Policies to reduce undernutrition include child development. Lancet, 371, 454455.Google Scholar
Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., De Onis, M., Ezzati, M., and Mathers, C., Rivera, J., Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study Group. (2008b). Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet, 371, 243260.Google Scholar
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., De Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., and Uauy, R. Maternal & Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 382, 427451.Google Scholar
Bryce, J., Coitinho, D., Darnton-Hill, I., Pelletier, D., and Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study Group. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: effective action at national level. Lancet, 371, 510526.Google Scholar
Collins, S., Dent, N., Binns, P., Bahwere, P., Sadler, K., and Hallam, A. (2006). Management of severe acute malnutrition in children. Lancet, 368, 19922000.Google Scholar
Compton, J, Wiggins, S., and Keats, S. (2010). Impact of the global food crisis on the Poor: What is the evidence? London, UK: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: www.odi.org/publications/5187-impact-global-food-crisis-poor-evidence. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization (2011). Complementary feeding for children 6–23 months. Food and Agricultural Organization; Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Golden, M. H. (1991). The nature of nutritional deficiency in relation to growth failure and poverty. Acta Paediatr Scand Supplement, 374, 95110.Google Scholar
Golden, M. H. (1995). Specific deficiencies versus growth failure: Type I and Type II nutrients. Scn News, 12 1014.Google Scholar
Goossens, S. B. Y., Yun, O., Harczi, G., Ouannes, M. et al. (2012). Mid-upper arm circumference based nutrition programming: evidence for a new approach in regions with high burden of acute malnutrition. Plos One. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049320. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Gorstein, J., Sullivan, K. M., Parvanta, I., and Begin, F. (2007). Indicators and methods for cross-sectional surveys of vitamin and mineral status of populations. The micronutrient initiative (Ottawa) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta).Google Scholar
Grijalva-Eternod, C. S., Wells, J. C., Cortina-Borja, M., Salse-Ubach, N., Tondeur, M. C., Dolan, C., Meziani, C., Wilkinson, C., Spiegel, P., and Seal, A. J.. (2012). The double burden of obesity and malnutrition in a protracted emergency setting: a cross-sectional study of Western Sahara refugees. Plos Med, 9, E1001320. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001320. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Howe, P. and Devereux, S. (2004). Famine intensity and magnitude scales: A proposal for an instrumental definition of famine. Disasters, 28, 353372.Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2012). Multi-cluster/sector initial rapid assessment (MIRA). Provisional Version March 2012. Inter-Agency Standing Committee; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
IPC Global Partners. 2012. Integrated food security phase classification technical manual. Version 2.0. Evidence and standards for better food security decisions. FAO; Rome, Italy. Available at: www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/ipc-manual-2-interactive.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Kerac, M., McGrath, M., Grijalva-Eternod, C., Bizouerne, C., Saxton, J., Bailey, H., Wilkinson, C., Hirsch, J., Blencowe, H., Shoham, J., and Seal, A. (2010). Management of acute malnutrition in infants (MAMI) project. Summary report. Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/8A7E77D26B35660F492576F70010D7DF-mami-report-complete.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Khara, T. and Dolan, C. (2014). Technical briefing paper; Associations between wasting and stunting, policy, programming and research implications. Emergency Nutrition Network; London, England. Available at: http://files.ennonline.net/attachments/1862/WAST_140714.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Makoka, D. and Masibo, P. K. (2015). Is there a threshold level of maternal education sufficient to reduce child malnutrition: Evidence from Malawi, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, BMC Pediatrics,15(96), 110.Google Scholar
MAM Taskforce of The Global Nutrition Cluster (2012). Moderate acute malnutrition: A decision tool for emergencies. Global Nutrition Cluster; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Morris, S. S., Cogill, B., and Uauy, R., Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study, G. (2008). Effective international action against undernutrition: Why has it proven so difficult and what can be done to accelerate progress? Lancet, 371, 608621.Google Scholar
Nichols, E. K., Talley, L. E., Birungi, N., McClelland, A., Madraa, E., Chandia, A. B., Nivet, J., Flores-Ayala, R., and Serdula, M. K. (2013). Suspected outbreak of riboflavin deficiency among populations reliant on food assistance: A case study of drought-stricken Karamoja, Uganda, 2009–2010. Plos One, 8, E62976. Available at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0062976. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Nutritionworks, Emergency Nutrition Network, and The Global Nutrition Cluster. (2011). Module 4: Micronutrient malnutrition. Part 2 technical note, in The harmonised training package (HTP): Resource material for training on nutrition in emergencies, Version 2. Global Nutrition Cluster; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Olofin, I., McDonald, C. M., Ezzati, M., Flaxman, S., Black, R. E., Fawzi, W. W., Caulfield, L. E., Danaei, G., and Nutrition Impact Model, S. (2013). Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: A pooled analysis of ten prospective studies. Plos One, 8, E64636. Available at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0064636. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Salama, P., Assefa, F., Talley, L., Spiegel, P., Van Der Veen, A., and Gotway, C. A. (2001). Malnutrition, Measles, mortality, and the humanitarian response during a famine in Ethiopia. JAMA, 286, 563571.Google Scholar
Schaible Ue, K. S. (2007). Malnutrition and infection: Complex mechanisms and global impacts. Plos One, 4, E115. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472433. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
SMART Technical Advisory Group. (2006). Measuring mortality, nutritional status, and food security in crisis situations: Smart methodology. Version 1. Available at: http://smartmethodology.org/. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization and the World Bank. (2017). UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. UNICEF; New York, USA. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_brochoure2017.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Save the Children and Emergency Nutrition Network. (2015). Interim Operational Considerations for the feeding support of Infants and Young Children under 2 years of age in refugee and migrant transit settings in Europe. UNICEF; New York. Available at: www.ennonline.net/interimconsiderationsiycftransit. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees. (2011). UNHCR Operational Guidance on the Use of Special Nutritional Products to Reduce Micronutrient Deficiencies And Malnutrition In Refugee Populations. United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
United Nations Office Of The High Commissioner For Human Rights. (2014). Living under seige. The Syrian Arab Republic. Available at: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/SY/LivingUnderSiege.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (2010). Chapter 3: Maternal nutrition and the intergenerational cycle of growth failure, in Sixth report on the world nutrition situation. United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Ververs, M. T., Antierens, A., Sackl, A., Staderini, N., and Captier, V. (2013). Which anthropometric indicators identify a pregnant woman as acutely malnourished and predict adverse birth outcomes in the humanitarian context? Plos Current Disasters. Available at: http://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/which-anthropometric-indicators-identify-a-pregnant-woman-as-acutely-malnourished-and-predict-adverse-birth-outcomes-in-the-humanitarian-context. (accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L., and Sachdev, H. S. (2008). Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study, G. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet, 371, 340357.Google Scholar
Walia, I., Kalia, R., and Chopra, S. (2009). Initiation of breast feeding – the cultural factors. Nursing And Midwifery Research Journal, 5, 1018.Google Scholar
World Food Health Organization. (2009). Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook (Efsa) – 2nd Edition. World Food Programme: Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2004). Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017a). Nutrition: Micronutrients deficiencies. Iron Deficiency anemia. Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017b). Nutrition: Micronutrient Deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiency. Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/ (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017c). Media CENTRE: Obesity and overweight. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age; methods and development. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and World Food Programme. (2000). The Management of nutrition in major emergencies. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar

References

ACF International Network. (2009). Feeding Hunger and Insecurity – Field analysis of volatile global food commodity prices, food security and child malnutrition. A Hunger Watch Publication. ACF International Network; New York, NY. Available at: www.actionagainsthunger.org/sites/default/files/publications/ACF-Feeding-Hunger-and-Insecurity-Report-09.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
ACF International Network. (2010). Food security and livelihoods assessment – A practical guide for fieldworkers. Available at: www.actionagainsthunger.org/sites/default/files/publications/acf-fsl-manual-final-10-lr.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Albu, M. (2011). Emergency market mapping and analysis toolkit - People, markets and emergency response. Available at: http://emma-toolkit.org/about-emma. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (1996). World Food Summit. Rome Declaration on Food Security. Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (2006a). Food security. Policy Brief, Issue 2. Available at: www.fao.org/forestry/13128-0e6f36f27e0091055bec28ebe830f46b3.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (2006b). Integrated food security and humanitarian classification tool. Available at: www.ipcinfo.org. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (2010). Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i1983e.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (2013a). The state of food insecurity in the world: The multiple dimensions of food security. Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organization. (2013b). Resilient livelihoods – Disaster risk reduction for food and nutrition security framework programme. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i3270e.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. (2006). Household Dietary Diversity (HDSS) for measurement of household food access indicator guide. Version 2. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project; Washington, DC. Available at: www.fantaproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/HDDS_v2_Sep06_0.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards Project. (2014). Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS), second edition. Practical Action Publishing; Rugby, UK. Available at: www.livestock-emergency.net/resources/download-legs. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Maxwell, D. and Caldwell, R. (2008b). The coping strategies index: A tool for rapidly monitoring food security in emergencies. Field methods manual, 2nd Edition. Available at: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp211058.pdf?_ga=2.155617470.422400530.1500379660–1391676381.1500379660. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Maxwell, D., Sadler, K., Sim, A., Mytonyi, M., Egan, R., and Webster, M. (2008a). Emergency food security interventions. Good Practice Review, Humanitarian Practice Network, 10. Overseas Development Institute; London, UK. Available at: http://odihpn.org/resources/emergency-food-security-interventions. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
NutVal. (2016). The planning, calculation and monitoring application for food assistance programs. Available at: www.nutval.net/. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2011). Minimum standards in food security and nutrition, in The Sphere Project: Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing, pp 139238.Google Scholar
USAID. (2013). Index insurance: Building agricultural resilience to climate variability and change, fact sheet. Available at: www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/CCRD-IndexInsuranceFactSheet.pdf. (Accessed on July 17, 2017).Google Scholar
von Grebmer, K., Bernstein, J., Nabarro, D., Prasai, N., Amin, S., Yohannes, Y., Sonntag, A., Patterson, F., Towey, O., and Thompson, J. (2016). The concept of the Global Hunger Index. In 2016 Global hunger index: Getting to zero hunger. Bonn Washington, DC and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, International Food Policy Research Institute, and Concern Worldwide, pp. 69.Google Scholar

References

Bitar, D. (1998). Reproductive health in refugee situations: Review of existing reproductive health indicators. Geneva: UNHCR, in Krause S. K., Jones R.K., Purdin S. J. (2000). Programmatic responses to refugees’ reproductive health needs. Int Fam Plann Perspect, 26, 181187.Google Scholar
Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI). (2005). About CHRNI (online). Available at: http://chnri.org/about.php (Accessed on December 12, 2014).Google Scholar
Dahab, M., Spiegel, P., Njogu, P., et al. (2013). Changes in HIV-related behaviors, knowledge and testing among refugees and surrounding national populations: a multicountry study. AIDS Care, 25(8), 9981009.Google Scholar
Demographic and Health Surveys: Fertility and Fertility Preferences. (2014). The demographic and health program (online). Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/topics/Fertility-and-Fertility-Preferences.cfm. (Accessed on October 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Ellsberg, M. and Heise, L. (2005). Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists. Washington, DC: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Hill, K. (2004). War, humanitarian crises, population displacement, and fertility: A review of evidence (online). Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215696/?report=reader (Accessed on October 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Hyman, S., Blanchard, K., Coeytaux, F., et al. (2013). Misoprostol in women’s hands: A harm reduction strategy for unsafe abortions (online). Available at: www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/february-2013 (Accessed on September 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Hynes, M. et al. (2004). A determination of the prevalence of gender-based violence among conflict-affected populations in East Timor. Disaster, 28(3), 294321.Google Scholar
Hynes, M., Sakani, O., Spiegel, P., et al. (2012). A study of refugee maternal mortality in 10 countries, 2008–2010. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 38(4), 205213.Google Scholar
Hynes, M., Sheik, M., Wilson, H. G., et al. (2002). Reproductive health indicators and outcomes among refugee and internally displaced persons in postemergency phase camps. JAMA, 288(5), 595603.Google Scholar
Inter-agency Standing Committee. (2010). IASC guidelines for addressing HIV in humanitarian settings (online). Available at: www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-subsidi-common-default&sb=66 (Accessed on June 24, 2014).Google Scholar
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises. (2005). Reproductive health services for refugees and internally displaced persons: Report of an inter-agency global evaluation, 2004 online). Available at: www.womensrefugeecommission.org/resources (Accessed on June 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises. (2010a). Inter-agency field manual on reproductive health in humanitarian settings (online). Available at: www.iawg.net/resources/field_manual.html (Accessed on June 28, 2014).Google Scholar
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises. (2010b). A statement on family planning for women and girls as a life-saving intervention in humanitarian Settings (online). Available at: http://iawg.net/IAWG_%20FP%20Statement_Final.pdf (Accessed on June 28, 2014).Google Scholar
Jamieson, D. J., Meikle, S. F., Hillis, S. D., et al. (2000). An evaluation of poor pregnancy outcomes among Burundian refugees in Tanzania. JAMA, 283(3), 397402.Google Scholar
Kalter, H., Khazen, Rahil, Barghouthi, R., , M., and Odeh, M. (2008). Prospective community-based cluster census and case-control study of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 22, 321333.Google Scholar
Kandji, S., Verchot, L., and Mackensen, J. (2006). Climate change and variability in the Sahel region: Impacts and adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector (online). Available at: www.unep.org/Themes/Freshwater/Documents/pdf/ClimateChangeSahelCombine.pdf. (Accessed on June 24, 2014).Google Scholar
Lawn, J. E., Cousens, S., and Zupan, J. (2005). 4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why? Lancet, 365(9462), 891900.Google Scholar
Lawn, J. E. et al. (2009). Two million intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal deaths: where, why, and what can be done? Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 107 Suppl 1, S5-18, S19.Google Scholar
Liu, L. et al. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet, 379(9832), 21512161.Google Scholar
Lubbers, R. (2003). In the war on AIDS refugees are often excluded (online). Available at: www.unhcr.org/3fc71f614.html; (Accessed on June 22, 2014).Google Scholar
McGinn, T. (2000) Reproductive health of war-affected populations: What do we know? Int Fam Plann Perspect, 26, 174–80.Google Scholar
McGinn, T., Austin, J., Anfinson, K., et al. (2011). Family planning in conflict: results of cross sectional baseline surveys in three African countries Conflict and Health (online). Available at: www.conflictandhealth.com/content/5/1/11. (Accessed on June 13, 2014).Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, J., Schilperoord, M., Spiegel, P., et al. (2012). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and treatment outcomes among conflict-affected and forcibly displaced populations: a systematic review. Confl Health, 6(1), 9.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, J., Schilperoord, M., Spiegel, P., et al. (2014a). Is forced migration a barrier to treatment success? Similar HIV treatment outcomes among refugees and a surrounding host community in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. AIDS Behav., 18(2), 323–34.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, J., Spiegel, P., Schilperoord, M., et al. (2014b). Antiretroviral Therapy for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Call for Equity. PLoS Med, 11(6).Google Scholar
Moore, J. (2014). There’s good news in two decades of progress on sexual violence in war zones (online). Available at: www.buzzfeed.com/jinamoore/theres-good-news-in-two-decades-of-progress-on-sexual-violen/ (Accessed on June 26, 2014).Google Scholar
Morof, D. F., Kerber, K., Tomczyk, B., et al. (2014a). Neonatal survival in complex humanitarian emergencies: setting an evidence-based research agenda. Confl Health, 8, 8.Google Scholar
Morof, D. F, Sami, S., Mangeni, M., et al. (2014b). A cross-sectional survey on gender-based violence and mental health among female urban refugees and asylum seekers in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 127 (2):138-143.Google Scholar
O’Heir, J. (2004). Pregnancy and childbirth care following conflict and displacement: care for refugee women in low-resource settings. J Midwifery Womens Health, 49(4 Suppl 1), 1418.Google Scholar
OCHA (online). World Humanitarian Data. (2013). Available at: https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/WHDT_192013%20WEB.pdf. (Accessed on July 31, 2014).Google Scholar
Physicians for Human Rights. (2002). War related violence in Sierra Leone: a population based assessment. Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/sierra-leone-sexual-violence-2002.pdf. (Accessed on December 1, 2017).Google Scholar
Potts, M., Gid, V., Campbel, M., et al. (2011). Niger too little too late. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health (online). Available at: http://bixby.berkeley.edu/pub-author/gidi-v/. (Accessed on July 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies (RAISE). (2006). Available at: www.raiseinitiative.org/home/. (Accessed on July 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium (RHRC). 2005. Obstetric care in humanitarian programs (online). Available at: www.rhrc.org/resources/emoc/EmOC_ffg.pdf (Accessed on July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Requejo, J. H., Bryce, J., Victora, C., and Deixel, A. (2013). Accountability for maternal, newborn and child survival: the 2013 update. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF.Google Scholar
Save the Children. (2013). Surviving the First Day: State of the Worlds Mothers (online). Available at: www.savethechildrenweb.org/SOWM-2013/#/1/ (Accessed on May 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme in Crisis and Post-Crisis Situations SPRINT Initiative. (2007). Available at: www.ippf.org/our-work/what-we-do/humanitarian/sprint-essential-services-crisis-situations. (Accessed on July 11, 2014).Google Scholar
Souza, J. P., Cecatti, J. G., Hadded, S. M., et al. (2012). The WHO Maternal Near-Miss Approach and the Maternal Severity Index Model (MSI): Tools for Assessing the Management of Severe Maternal Morbidity. PLOS ONE, 7(8): e44129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spangaro, J., Adogu, C., Ranmuthugala, G., et al. (2013). What evidence exists for initiatives to reduce risk and incidence of sexual violence in armed conflict and other humanitarian crises? A systematic review. Plos One, 8(5).Google Scholar
Spiegel, P. (2004). HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: dispelling myths and taking action. Disasters. 28(3), 322–39.Google Scholar
Spiegel, P., Bennedsen, R., Claass, J., et al. (2007). Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review. Lancet, 369(9580), 21872195.Google Scholar
Staveteig, S. (2005). The young and the restless: Population age structure and civil war (online). Available at: www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Staveteig.pdf. (Accessed on July 31, 2014).Google Scholar
Swiss, S. et al. (1998). Violence against women during the Liberian civil conflict. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 625.Google Scholar
Thaddeus, S. and Maine, D. (1994). Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Social Science and Medicine, 38 (8), 10911100.Google Scholar
Tomcyzk, B., Goldberg, H., Blanton, C., et al. (2007). Women’s Reproductive Health in Liberia: The Lofa County Reproductive Health Survey January–February 2007 (online). Available at: www.africare.org/our-work/where-we-work/liberia/Resources/5Liberia_ResourceDoc.pdf. Published 2007. (Accessed April 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and the United Nations Population DivisionGoogle Scholar
UNFPA. (2009). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health toolkit for humanitarian settings (online). Available at: www.unfpa.org/public/global/publications/pid/4169 (Accessed on June 14, 2014).Google Scholar
UNHCR. (2011). Refocusing family planning in refugee settings: Findings and recommendations from a multi‐country baseline study (online). Available at: www.unhcr.org/4ee6142a9.pdf. (Accessed on June 18, 2014).Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF, Save the Children, (2015) Newborn Health in Humanitarian Settings Field Guide (online) Available at: https://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/NewBornHealthBook-ProductionV12A.pdf (Accessed on January 29, 2018).Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), WHO, World Bank Group, United Nations – Levels & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2017 Estimates Developed by the UN Inter0agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (online). Available at: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2017.pdf (Accessed on January 29, 2018).Google Scholar
UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 of 31 October 2000, S/Res/1325 (online). Available at: www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/. (Accessed on June 14, 2014).Google Scholar
UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1820 of 19 June 2008 (online). Available at: www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/. (Accessed on June 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Women’s Refugee Commission. (2012). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health programs in humanitarian settings: An in-depth look at family planning services (online). Available at: www.K4health.Org/Toolkits/Rh-Humanitarian-Settings/Adolescent-Sexual-And-Reproductive-Health-Programs-Humanitarian. (Accessed on July 31, 2014).Google Scholar
Women’s Refugee Commission. (2014). Minimum initial service package (MISP) for reproductive health in crisis situations (online). Available at: http://womensrefugeecommission.org/programs/reproductive-health/emergency-response/misp (Accessed on June 28, 2014)Google Scholar
Woodward, A., Howard, N., Kollie, S., et al. (2014). HIV knowledge, risk perception and avoidant behaviour change among Sierra Leonean refugees in Guinea (online). Available at: www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/. (Accessed on June 18, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health (online). Available at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf. (Accessed on July 31, 2014)Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005). The World Health Report 2005: Make every mother and child count. Statistical annex. Geneva: World Health Organization, 219.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009a). Sexual violence in conflict: Data and data collection methodologies (online). Available at: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/9789241502221/en/ (Accessed on July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009b). Health Cluster guide: A practical guide for country-level implementation of the Health Cluster (online). Available at: www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/guide/en/. (Accessed on June 30, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009c). Monitoring emergency obstetric care: A handbook (online). Available at: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/9789241547734/en/ (Accessed on June 28, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2010). Packages of interventions for family planning, safe abortion care, maternal, newborn and child health (online). Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/192010/WHO_FCH_10.06_eng.pdf. (Accessed on June 20, 2014)Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization). 2010. ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Revision, Vol. 2, Instruction Manual. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012). Safe abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems, Second edition (online). Available at: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241548434/en/(Accessed on July 1, 2013).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013a). Compilation of WHO recommendations on maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013b). Global Health Atlas of the Health Workforce (online). Available at: http://who.int/globalatlas/autologin/hrh_login.asp (Accessed on June 27, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Reproductive Health (online). Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/ (Accessed on June 27, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2015) Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division (online). Available at: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/en/ (Accessed January 29, 2018).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017) Infant and young child feeding fact sheet (online). Available at: mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ (Accessed on January 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Zimmerman, L., Packer, C., and Robinson, C. (2011). Reproductive health in post-emergency refugee camps (online). Available at: http://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/110927 (Accessed on June 28, 2014).Google Scholar

References

Caritas Australia et al. (2008). Minimum agency standards for incorporating protection into humanitarian response. Caritas Australia, CARE Australia, Oxfam Australia, World Vision Australia. Available at: https://drc.dk/media/2113371/minimum-agency-standards-for-incorporating-protection-into-humanitarian-reponse.pdf (Accessed July 8, 2017).Google Scholar
Caverzasio, S. G. (2001). Strengthening protection in war: A search for professional standards: Summary of discussions among human rights and humanitarian organizations, ICRC: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Child Protection Working Group. (2012). Minimum standards for child protection in humanitarian action; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Deng, F. (1998). Guiding principles on internal displacement; United Nations: New York.Google Scholar
Global Protection Cluster, Brief on protection mainstreaming. Available at: www.globalprotectioncluster.org/_assets/files/aors/protection_mainstreaming/brief_on_protection_mainstreaming.pdf (Accessed July 8, 2017).Google Scholar
IASC Task team on the cluster approach, key Messages: The IASC transformative agenda. Available at: https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/legacy_files/KM%20and%20FAQ%20on%20Transformative%20Agenda%20final.docx (Accessed October 15, 2016).Google Scholar
Inter-agency field manual on reproductive health in humanitarian settings. New York (NY): IAWG; 2018.Google Scholar
International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (ICRC). (2008). Enhancing protection for civilians in armed conflict and other situations of Violence, ICRC: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2007). IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2011). IASC operational guidelines on the protection of persons in situations of natural disasters; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. (2016). Global report on internal displacement, Norwegian refugee council; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Machel, G. (1996). Impact of armed conflict on children, UNICEF, New York.Google Scholar
Patel, V. (2003). Where there is no psychiatrist: A mental healthcare manual, Royal College of Psychiatrist Publications, London.Google Scholar
Reichhold, U., Binder, A. and Niland, N. (2013). Scoping study: what works in protection and how do we know? Global Public Policy Institute; Berlin.Google Scholar
Slim, H. and Bonwick, A. (2005). Protection: an ANLAP guide for humanitarian agencies, Overseas Development Institute; London.Google Scholar
Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response. (2011). The Sphere Project: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response, Sphere Project: Bourton on Dunsmore, UK.Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. (1967). Protocol relating to the status of refugees, Treaty Series: New York.Google Scholar
UNHCR. (2016). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2015, UNHCR. Available at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html. (Accessed July 8, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations. (1951). Final act and convention relating to the status of refugees, New York.Google Scholar
Vincent, M. (2000). IDPs: Rights and status. Forced Migration Review, 8(August), 2930.Google Scholar

References

Afshar, M., Raju, M., Ansell, D., et al. (2011). Narrative review: Tetanus-a health threat after natural disasters in developing countries. Annals of Internal Medicine, 154, 329335.Google Scholar
Alexander, J. P., Jr., Zubair, M., Khan, M., et al. (2014). Progress and peril: poliomyelitis eradication efforts in Pakistan, 1994–2013. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210, S152161.Google Scholar
Atkinson, W., Wolfe, S., and Hamborsky, J. (2012). Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases, 12th edition, Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation.Google Scholar
Bhatt, K. M., Bhatt, S. M., and Mirza, N. B. (1996). Meningococcal meningitis. East African Medical Journal, 73, 3539.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, S. K., Sur, D., Ali, M., et al. (2013). 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India: A cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 10501056.Google Scholar
Boss, L. P., Brink, E. W., and Dondero, T. J. (1987). Infant mortality and childhood nutritional status among Afghan refugees in Pakistan. International Journal of Epidemiology, 16, 556560.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases (online). Available at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/index.html (Accessed November 5, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Early warning disease surveillance after a flood emergency–Pakistan, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 10021007.Google Scholar
Chaignat, C. L. and Monti, V. (2007). Use of oral cholera vaccine in complex emergencies: What next? Summary report of an expert meeting and recommendations of WHO. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 25, 244261.Google Scholar
Chapman, L. E., Sullivent, E. E., Grohskopf, L. A., et al. (2008). Postexposure interventions to prevent infection with HBV, HCV, or HIV, and tetanus in people wounded during bombings and other mass casualty events–United States, 2008: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2, 150165.Google Scholar
Clemens, J. and Holmgren, J. (2014). When, how, and where can oral cholera vaccines be used to interrupt cholera outbreaks? Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 379, 231258.Google Scholar
Cohn, J. (2014). The challenge of vaccinating in emergency settings: Policy and advocacy implications. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 21, 51.Google Scholar
Connolly, M. A., Gayer, M., Ryan, M. J., et al. (2004). Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. Lancet, 364, 19741983.Google Scholar
Date, K. A., Vicari, A., Hyde, T. B., et al. (2011). Considerations for oral cholera vaccine use during outbreak after earthquake in Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 21052112.Google Scholar
Desai, S. N. and Kamat, D. (2014). Closing the global immunization gap: delivery of lifesaving vaccines through innovation and technology. Pediatrics in Review, 35, e3240.Google Scholar
Dorlencourt, F., Legros, D., Paquet, C., et al. (1999). Effectiveness of mass vaccination with WC/rBS cholera vaccine during an epidemic in Adjumani district, Uganda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77, 949950.Google Scholar
Grais, R. F. and Juan-Giner, A. (2014). Vaccination in humanitarian crises: Satisficing should no longer suffice. International Health, 6, 160161.Google Scholar
Heyman, S. N., Ginosar, Y., Niel, L., et al. (1998). Meningococcal meningitis among Rwandan refugees: Diagnosis, management, and outcome in a field hospital. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2, 137142.Google Scholar
Heymann, D. L. (2008). Control of communicable diseases manual, nineteenth edition, Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.Google Scholar
International Coordinating Group. (2008). International coordinating group in vaccine provision for epidemic meningitis control: Guidelines for applying to the emergency stockpile (online). Available at: www.who.int/csr/disease/meningococcal/ICG_guidelines_2008_02_09.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
International Society for Infectious Diseases. (2015). ProMed mail (online). Available at: http://promedmail.org/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Ivers, L. C., Hilaire, I. J., Teng, J. E., et al. (2015). Effectiveness of reactive oral cholera vaccination in rural Haiti: a case-control study and bias-indicator analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 3, e162168.Google Scholar
Ivers, L. C., Teng, J. E., Lascher, J., et al. (2013). Use of oral cholera vaccine in Haiti: a rural demonstration project. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 617624.Google Scholar
Jeremijenko, A., Mclaws, M. L., and Kosasih, H. (2007). A tsunami related tetanus epidemic in Aceh, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 19, 4044.Google Scholar
Kaiser, R. (2014). Emergency settings: be prepared to vaccinate persons aged 15 and over against measles. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210, 18571859.Google Scholar
Kamadjeu, R., Mahamud, A., Webeck, J., et al. (2014). Polio outbreak investigation and response in Somalia, 2013. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210, S1811816.Google Scholar
Kamugisha, C., Cairns, K. L. and Akim, C. (2003). An outbreak of measles in Tanzanian refugee camps. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187, S5862.Google Scholar
Khan, A. A., Zahidie, A., and Rabbani, F. (2013). Interventions to reduce neonatal mortality from neonatal tetanus in low and middle income countries–a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13, 322.Google Scholar
Luquero, F. J., Grout, L., Ciglenecki, I., et al. (2013). First outbreak response using an oral cholera vaccine in Africa: Vaccine coverage, acceptability and surveillance of adverse events, Guinea, 2012. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7, e2465.Google Scholar
Luquero, F. J., Grout, L., Ciglenecki, I., et al. (2014). Use of Vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in Guinea. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370, 2111–20.Google Scholar
Martin, S., Lopez, A. L., Bellos, A., et al. (2014). Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 881–93.Google Scholar
Médecins Sans Frontières. (1997). Refugee health: An approach to emergency situations. London, UK: Pan Macmillan.Google Scholar
Médecins Sans Frontières. (2008). Sample collection, storage and transport from field to reference laboratory (online). Available at: https://pmb.gva.ocg.msf.org/opac_css/doc_num.php?explnum_id=1291 (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
Médecins Sans Frontières. (2014). Ethiopia: Tens of thousands of South Sudanese refugees receive cholera vaccine (online). www.msf.org/article/ethiopia-tens-thousands-south-sudanese-refugees-receive-cholera-vaccine (Accessed August 30, 2015).Google Scholar
Moodley, K., Hardie, K., Selgelid, M. J., et al. (2013). Ethical considerations for vaccination programmes in acute humanitarian emergencies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91, 290297.Google Scholar
Navarro-Colorado, C., Mahamud, A., Burton, A., et al. (2014). Measles outbreak response among adolescent and adult Somali refugees displaced by famine in Kenya and Ethiopia, 2011. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210, 18631870.Google Scholar
Nelson, E. J., Nelson, D. S., Salam, M. A., et al. (2011). Antibiotics for both moderate and severe cholera. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 57.Google Scholar
Owais, A., Khowaja, A. R., Ali, S. A., et al. (2013). Pakistan’s expanded programme on immunization: an overview in the context of polio eradication and strategies for improving coverage. Vaccine, 31, 33133319.Google Scholar
Pan American Health Organization. (2005). Control of yellow fever field guide (online). Available at: http://new.PAHO.org/hq/dmdocuments/2009/fieldguide_yellowfever.pdf (Accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Paquet, C. (1992). Rèfugiès Touaregs dans le sud-est de la Mauritanie. Paris: Epicentre.Google Scholar
Perry, R. T., Plowe, C. V., Koumare, B., et al. (1998). A single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR is safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected and HIV-noninfected adults in Mali. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 76, 6371.Google Scholar
Pickering, L. K., Baker, C. J., and Kimberlin, D. W. (2012). Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 29th edition, Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.Google Scholar
Plotkin, S. A., Orenstein, W. A., and Offit, P. A. (2013). Vaccines, 6th edition, Atlanta: Elsevier Inc.Google Scholar
Polonsky, J. A., Singh, B., Masiku, C., et al. (2015). Exploring HIV infection and susceptibility to measles among older children and adults in Malawi: A facility-based study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 31, 6167.Google Scholar
Porta, M. I., Lenglet, A., De Weerdt, S., et al. (2014). Feasibility of a preventive mass vaccination campaign with two doses of oral cholera vaccine during a humanitarian emergency in South Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 108, 810815.Google Scholar
Riaz, H., Rehman, A. (2013). Polio vaccination workers gunned down in Pakistan. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 120Google Scholar
Rouzier, V., Severe, K., Jean Juste, M. A., et al. (2013) Cholera vaccination in urban Haiti. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 671681.Google Scholar
Salama, P., Spiegel, P., Talley, L., et al. (2004). Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade. Lancet, 364, 18011813.Google Scholar
Santaniello-Newton, A. and Hunter, P. R. (2000). Management of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in a Sudanese refugee camp in Northern Uganda. Epidemiology and Infection, 124, 7581.Google Scholar
Sharara, S. L. and Kanj, S. S. (2014). War and infectious diseases: Challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLOS Pathogens, 10, e1004438.Google Scholar
Sheikh, M. A., Makokha, F., Hussein, A. M., et al. (2014). Combined use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines in refugee camps and surrounding communities – Kenya, December 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63, 237241.Google Scholar
Smart Methodology. (2013). Sampling methods and sample size calculation for the SMART methodology (online). Available at: http://smartmethodology.org/survey-planning-tools/smart-methodology (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
The Sphere Project. (2011). Essential health services SPHERE Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (online). Available at: www.spherehandbook.org (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
Tiwari, T. S. P. (2014). Infectious diseases related to travel (online). Available at: wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/diphtheria (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Toole, M. J. and Waldman, R. J. (1988). An analysis of mortality trends among refugee populations in Somalia, Sudan, and Thailand. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 66, 237247.Google Scholar
Toole, M. J. and Waldman, R. J. (1990). Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. JAMA, 263, 32963302.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1999). WHO-UNICEF-UNFPA joint statement on the use of auto-disable syringes in immunization services (online). Available at: www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/Bundling.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2002). Getting Started with vaccine vial monitors (online) Available at: www.path.org/vaccineresources/files/Getting_started_with_VVMs.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2003). Manual for the laboratory identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens of public health importance in the developing world (online). Available at: www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/IIIAMRManual.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005a). Communicable disease control in emergencies (online). Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241546166_eng.pdf?ua=1. (Accessed Nov 5, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005b). Immunization coverage cluster survey – reference manual (online). Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_IVB_04.23.pdf. (Accessed July 10, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005c). Monitoring vaccine wastage at country level (online). Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68463/1/WHO_VB_03.18.Rev.1_eng.pdf. (Accessed January 29, 2018).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2006). Vaccine position papers: Diphtheria (online). Available at: www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2008). WHO-recommended standards for surveillance of selected vaccine-preventable diseases (online). Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68334/1/WHO_V-B_03.01_eng.pdf. (Accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009). Vaccine position papers: Measles (online). Available at: www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8435.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2011). Vaccine position papers: Meningococcal vaccines (online). Available at: www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8647.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012a). SAGE working group on vaccination in humanitarian emergencies, vaccination in acute emergencies: A framework for decision making, revised draft (online). Available at: www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2012/november/FinalFraft_FrmwrkDocument_SWGVHE_23OctFullWEBVERSION.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012b). Tetanus (online). Available at: www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_20120307_tetanus/en/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012c). Outbreak surveillance and response in humanitarian emergencies (online). Available at: www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/publications/who_hse_epr_dce_2012.1/en/ (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012d). Assessing vaccination coverage levels using clustered lot quality assurance sampling. Version edited for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (online). Available at: www.polioeradication.org/portals/0/document/research/opvdelivery/lqas.pdf (Accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013a). Measles elimination field guide (online). Available at: www.wpro.who.int/immunization/documents/measles_elimination_field_guide_2013.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013b). Should tetanus immunizations be given to survivors with injuries in emergency situations Q&A (online). Available at: www.who.int/features/qa/04/en/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013c). Guidance on how to access the oral cholera vaccine (OCV) from the ICG emergency stockpile (online). Available at: www.who.int/cholera/vaccines/Guidance_accessing_OCV_stockpile.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014a). Vaccine position papers: Polio (online). Available at: www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8909.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014b). Yellow fever fact sheet (online). Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014c). Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations (online). Available at: www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/index1.html (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014d). Cholera fact sheet (online). Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014e). World Humanitarian Day: WHO calls for protection of health workers in conflicts, disasters (online). Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/world-humanitarian-day/en/ (Accessed July 24, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2015a). Disease outbreak news (online). Available at: www.who.int/csr/don/en/ (Accessed March 21, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2015b). Health as a bridge for peace – Humanitarian cease-fires project (HCFP) (online). Available at: www.who.int/hac/techguidance/hbp/cease_fires/en/ (Accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Zenner, D. and Nacul, L. (2012). Predictive power of Koplik’s spots for the diagnosis of measles. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 12, 271275.Google Scholar

References

Andemicael, A. (2011). Positive energy: A review of the role of artistic activities in refugee camps. UNHCR: Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Bakewell, O. (2003). Community services in refugee aid programs: The challenges of expectations, principles, and practice. Praxis, 18, 518.Google Scholar
Brookings Institution, Project on Internal Displacement. (2013). Under the Radar: Internally Displaced Persons in Non-Camp Settings. Brookings Institution, London School of Economics, Project on Internal Displacement: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Corsellis, T. and Vitale, A. (2005). Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations. Oxford. Oxfam.Google Scholar
Depoortere, E. and Brown, V. (2006). Rapid health assessment of refugee or displaced populations, Médecins Sans Frontières: Paris.Google Scholar
Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) Cluster. (2015). The Camp Management Toolkit. International Organization for Migration Norwegian Refugee Council, UNHCR.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. (2007). Excreta disposal in emergencies: A field manual, UNICEF; New York.Google Scholar
Médecins Sans Frontières. (1997). Refugee health: An approach to emergency situations. Pan Macmillan.Google Scholar
Montclos, M. A. P. D. and Kagwanja, P. M. (2000). Refugee camps or cities? The socio-economic dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma camps in northern Kenya. Journal of Refugee Studies, 13(2), 205222.Google Scholar
Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response. (2011). The Sphere Project: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response, Bourton on Dunsmore, UK: Sphere Project.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (UNHCR). (2003). UNHCR handbook for registration. UNHCR; Geneva.Google Scholar

References

Davis, J. and Lambert, R. (2002). Engineering in emergencies: A practical guide for relief workers. London: ITDG Publishing.Google Scholar
Setchell, C. A. and Argenal, E. (2014). Under one roof: Promoting transitional shelter as both humanitarian response and permanent housing reconstruction. Monthly Developments, 32 (1/2), 1921 and 27 (online). Available at: http://reliefweb.int/report/world/handouts-usaidofda-shelter-and-settlements-training-workshop (Accessed July 15, 2015).Google Scholar
Sphere Project. (2011). Sphere handbook: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in disaster response (online). Available at: www.sphereproject.org (Accessed June 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Thiele, B. (2002). The human right to adequate housing: A tool for promoting and protecting individual and community health. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 712715 (online). Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447150/ (Accessed June 17, 2015).Google Scholar
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2007). Measuring overcrowding in housing (online). Available at: www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/measuring_overcrowding_in_hsg.pdf (Accessed July 2, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1989). Health principles of housing. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar

References

Clearly Inventory. (2011). Inventory basics – All about inventory management, 2–3. Available at: (Accessed June 14, 2014).Google Scholar
De Villiers, G., Nieman, G., and Nieman, W. (2008). Strategic logistics management, logistics channels and network Design, 212–228.Google Scholar
Fritz Institute. (2013). Humanitarian logistics: Enabling disaster response, 2–3. Available at: www.fritzinstitute.org/pdfs/whitepaper/enablingdisasterresponse.pdf (Accessed June 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Holguín-Veras, P. E., Pérez, N., Ukkusuri, S., Wachtendorf, T., and Brown, B. (2007). Emergency logistics issues affecting the response to Katrina: A synthesis and preliminary suggestions for improvement, 1–2. Available at: http://transp.rpi.edu/~HUM-LOG/Doc/Vault/katrina1.pdf (Accessed June 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Lavoyer, J. P. (1996). National legislation on the use and protection of the emblem of the red cross or red crescent, ICRC Legal Division, 1–3. Available at: www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jn8j.htm (Accessed June 25, 2014).Google Scholar
OCHA. (2014). Global mapping of emergency stockpiles, 1. Available at: www.unocha.org/what-we-do/coordination-tools/logistics-support/emergency-stockpiles (Accessed June 25, 2014).Google Scholar
UNHCR. (2013). UNHCR’s Essential medicines and medical supplies policy and guidance 2011. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/4f707faf9.pdf (Accessed June 25, 2014).Google Scholar
USAID. (2013). OFDA essential medicines list (OFDA EML), 1–15. Available at: www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Final%20OFDA%20Essential%20Medicines%20List%20Aug2013.pdf (Accessed June 25, 2014).Google Scholar
World Food Program. (2013). Global logistics cluster support cell and World Food Programme (WFP) Logistics Operational Guide (LOG), 1–3. Available at: log.logcluster.org/mobile/preparedness/logistics/index.html (Accessed June 10, 2014).Google Scholar

References

Ardalan, A., Kandi, M., Osooli, M., et al. (2012). Profile of natural hazards in I. R. Iran., Disaster and Emergency Health Academy. Iran’s National Institute of Health Research and SPH of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.Google Scholar
Ardalan, A., Kandi, M., Talebian, M. T., et al. (2014). Hospitals safety from disasters in Iran: the results from assessment of 224 hospitals (online). Available at: http://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/hospitals-safety-from-disasters-in-i-r-iran-the-results-from-assessment-of-224-hospitals/ (Accessed April 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Ardalan, A., Mowafi, H., Malekafzali, H., et al. (2013b). Effectiveness of a primary health care program on urban and rural community disaster preparedness, Iran: A community intervention trial. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness (online). Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/258920823_Effectiveness_of_a_Primary_Health_Care_Program_on_Urban_and_Rural_Community_Disaster_Preparedness_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_A_Community_Intervention_Trial (Accessed April 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Ardalan, A., Mowafi, H., and Yusefi, H. (2013a). Impacts of natural hazards on primary health care facilities of Iran: A 10-year retrospective survey (online). Available at: http://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/impacts-of-natural-hazards-on-primary-health-care-facilities-of-iran-a-10-year-retrospective-survey/ (Accessed April 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Bausch, D. G. and Schwarz, L. (2014). Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: Where ecology meets economy (online). Available at: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056 (Accessed 20 April 2015).Google Scholar
Briseño, S., Horekens, J., and Egeland, J. (2005). Review of the Yokohama strategy and plan of action for a safer world, Proceedings of the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction. Kobe, Japan (online). Available at: www.unisdr.org/192005/wcdr/wcdr-index.htm (Accessed April 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). The public health system and the 10 essential public health services (online). Available at: www.cdc.gov/nphpsp/essentialservices.html (Accessed February 11, 2015).Google Scholar
Centre for Research on Disaster Epidemiology. (2012). The International Disaster Database, Emergency Database. Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Chan, M. (2014). Ebola Virus disease in West Africa – No early end to the outbreak. New England Journal of Medicine, 371, 11831185.Google Scholar
Dahinden, M. (2013). United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 4th Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland (online). Available at: www.scribd.com/document/218556954/34330-proceedingsenversionfinaleupdatecou (Accessed February 11, 2015).Google Scholar
Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster reduction. (2014). About Global Network for Disaster Reduction (online). Available at: