Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- A Selective Chronology of the Civil Wars
- Maps
- Introduction
- 1 Of Guns and Gunners
- 2 ‘England's Vulcan’: Artillery Supply under the Early Stuarts
- 3 A Scramble for Arms: The War of Ordnance Logistics
- 4 Artillery Fortifications
- 5 Artillery and Sieges
- 6 Battle
- Conclusions
- Appendix I: Ordnance Types 1634–1665
- Appendix II: Shot Finds
- Appendix III: The Parliamentarian Artillery Train of 1642 details extracted from PRO WO 528/131/2, PRO WO 55/387, and the ‘Catalogue of the Names’, BL E 83 (9)
- Appendix IV: The Establishment of the King's ‘Trayne of Artillery’ (Oxford Army), June 1643 extracted from Rawlinson Ms D 395 ff 208-9
- Appendix V: The Equipment and Personnel for One Gun and One Mortar, and Infantry Munitions, dispatched from Oxford in May 1643: PRO WO 55/458.65, ff 7–8
- Appendix VI: Guns captured by the King's army at Bristol, July 1643 as Listed in Rawlinson Ms D 395 ff 138–139, ‘Survey’ by Samuel Fawcett
- Appendix VII: The Artillery and Officers of the New Model Army Details extracted from PRO WO 47/1, ff 108–118; CSPD DIII, 1644, pp 499, 500, 517; House of Lords Journal, 10, p 71, and J. Sprigge Anglia Rediviva, London, 1647, pp 329–330
- Appendix VIII: The Ideal Artillery Train according to BL Harleian Ms 6844, ‘A Short Treatise Concerning All Things Needfull in an Armye According to Modern Use’, c. 1660
- Appendix IX: The Masters and Officers of the Ordnance c. 1610–1660 extracted from Ordnance Quarter Books, DNB and State Papers
- Appendix X: Typical Firing Sequence for a Small to Medium Sized Gun using a crew of three: reconstructed from passages in various sections of William Eldred's Gunner's Glasse, London, 1646, and other manuals of the period 1620–1650
- Glossary
- Illustrations
- Bibliography
- Index
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- A Selective Chronology of the Civil Wars
- Maps
- Introduction
- 1 Of Guns and Gunners
- 2 ‘England's Vulcan’: Artillery Supply under the Early Stuarts
- 3 A Scramble for Arms: The War of Ordnance Logistics
- 4 Artillery Fortifications
- 5 Artillery and Sieges
- 6 Battle
- Conclusions
- Appendix I: Ordnance Types 1634–1665
- Appendix II: Shot Finds
- Appendix III: The Parliamentarian Artillery Train of 1642 details extracted from PRO WO 528/131/2, PRO WO 55/387, and the ‘Catalogue of the Names’, BL E 83 (9)
- Appendix IV: The Establishment of the King's ‘Trayne of Artillery’ (Oxford Army), June 1643 extracted from Rawlinson Ms D 395 ff 208-9
- Appendix V: The Equipment and Personnel for One Gun and One Mortar, and Infantry Munitions, dispatched from Oxford in May 1643: PRO WO 55/458.65, ff 7–8
- Appendix VI: Guns captured by the King's army at Bristol, July 1643 as Listed in Rawlinson Ms D 395 ff 138–139, ‘Survey’ by Samuel Fawcett
- Appendix VII: The Artillery and Officers of the New Model Army Details extracted from PRO WO 47/1, ff 108–118; CSPD DIII, 1644, pp 499, 500, 517; House of Lords Journal, 10, p 71, and J. Sprigge Anglia Rediviva, London, 1647, pp 329–330
- Appendix VIII: The Ideal Artillery Train according to BL Harleian Ms 6844, ‘A Short Treatise Concerning All Things Needfull in an Armye According to Modern Use’, c. 1660
- Appendix IX: The Masters and Officers of the Ordnance c. 1610–1660 extracted from Ordnance Quarter Books, DNB and State Papers
- Appendix X: Typical Firing Sequence for a Small to Medium Sized Gun using a crew of three: reconstructed from passages in various sections of William Eldred's Gunner's Glasse, London, 1646, and other manuals of the period 1620–1650
- Glossary
- Illustrations
- Bibliography
- Index
Summary
In its most basic form the technology of the early modern gun is not highly complex. It consists essentially of a tough, fracture resistant tube, or ‘barrel’, closed at one end, into which is inserted gunpowder. A wad may be pushed into the barrel to hold it in place, before a projectile is put in. This may itself be confined by further wadding. A very small aperture, otherwise known as the ‘touch hole’, or ‘vent’, near to the closed end of the barrel, provides access to the charge. By inserting a pricker into the vent the gunner clears the hole of any obstruction or residue and pierces the cartridge, and then ‘primes’ the hole with a little more powder. By applying fire to the hole – by means of a hot wire, or piece of smouldering match cord, for example – the piece is discharged. ‘Black powder’ which was the gunpowder of the period – a mixture of saltpetre, sulphur and charcoal – combusts very rapidly. The charcoal acts as a fuel, and the sulphur helps to produce a stable reaction, but without the presence of the saltpetre to provide plenty of oxygen the burning would achieve nothing. As the carbon from the charcoal combines rapidly with oxygen forming large quantities of carbon dioxide and energy, so pressure within the gun barrel increases very quickly, driving the projectile out of the tube at great velocity.
Gunpowder made significant advances between its first use on the European battlefield, about 1300, and the early Stuart age. What had once been a rough confection of approximately equal parts produced by methods best described as mid way between alchemy and cookery, had gradually been refined and improved in a number of ways. Perhaps most importantly the proportion of saltpetre in the mixture had gradually been increased until in 1635 powder for English government service was fixed at a ratio of six parts to one each of sulphur and charcoal. This is not so different to the formula accepted as optimum by the lights of modern science. Another significant advance was the introduction of ‘corning’, or sieving the powder, whilst damp, into granules of given sizes. This apparently simple process not only provided air gaps between the grains which aided rapid combustion and gave greater power, but made the powder safer due to easier handling and reduced dust, and also reduced separation and damp problems.
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- `The Furie of the Ordnance'Artillery in the English Civil Wars, pp. 1 - 37Publisher: Boydell & BrewerPrint publication year: 2008