Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Editor, Associate Editors, Artistic Consultant, and Contributors
- Preface
- PART I CONTEXT
- PART II ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
- PART III VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- 121 Introductory Essay: The Endothelium in Health and Disease
- 122 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Model to Probe the Biology of the Vascular Endothelium
- 123 Blood–Brain Barrier
- 124 Brain Endothelial Cells Bridge Neural and Immune Networks
- 125 The Retina and Related Hyaloid Vasculature: Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis
- 126 Microheterogeneity of Lung Endothelium
- 127 Bronchial Endothelium
- 128 The Endothelium in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 129 The Central Role of Endothelial Cells in Severe Angioproliferative Pulmonary Hypertension
- 130 Emphysema: An Autoimmune Vascular Disease?
- 131 Endothelial Mechanotransduction in Lung: Ischemia in the Pulmonary Vasculature
- 132 Endothelium and the Initiation of Atherosclerosis
- 133 The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell
- 134 Hepatic Macrocirculation: Portal Hypertension As a Disease Paradigm of Endothelial Cell Significance and Heterogeneity
- 135 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- 136 The Vascular Bed of Spleen in Health and Disease
- 137 Adipose Tissue Endothelium
- 138 Renal Endothelium
- 139 Uremia
- 140 The Influence of Dietary Salt Intake on Endothelial Cell Function
- 141 The Role of the Endothelium in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis
- 142 The Endothelium in Cerebral Malaria: Both a Target Cell and a Major Player
- 143 Hemorrhagic Fevers: Endothelial Cells and Ebola-Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
- 144 Effect of Smoking on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Disease
- 145 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- 146 Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- 147 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- 148 Sickle Cell Disease Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction
- 149 The Role of Endothelial Cells in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- 150 Diabetes
- 151 The Role of the Endothelium in Normal and Pathologic Thyroid Function
- 152 Endothelial Dysfunction and the Link to Age-Related Vascular Disease
- 153 Kawasaki Disease
- 154 Systemic Vasculitis Autoantibodies Targeting Endothelial Cells
- 155 High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Human Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- 156 Endothelium and Skin
- 157 Angiogenesis
- 158 Tumor Blood Vessels
- 159 Kaposi's Sarcoma
- 160 Endothelial Mimicry of Placental Trophoblast Cells
- 161 Placental Vasculature in Health and Disease
- 162 Endothelialization of Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- 163 The Endothelium's Diverse Roles Following Acute Burn Injury
- 164 Trauma-Hemorrhage and Its Effects on the Endothelium
- 165 Coagulopathy of Trauma: Implications for Battlefield Hemostasis
- 166 The Effects of Blood Transfusion on Vascular Endothelium
- 167 The Role of Endothelium in Erectile Function and Dysfunction
- 168 Avascular Necrosis: Vascular Bed/Organ Structure and Function in Health and Disease
- 169 Molecular Control of Lymphatic System Development
- 170 High Endothelial Venules
- 171 Hierarchy of Circulating and Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
- PART IV DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- PART V CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
- Index
- Plate section
171 - Hierarchy of Circulating and Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
from PART III - VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Editor, Associate Editors, Artistic Consultant, and Contributors
- Preface
- PART I CONTEXT
- PART II ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
- PART III VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- 121 Introductory Essay: The Endothelium in Health and Disease
- 122 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Model to Probe the Biology of the Vascular Endothelium
- 123 Blood–Brain Barrier
- 124 Brain Endothelial Cells Bridge Neural and Immune Networks
- 125 The Retina and Related Hyaloid Vasculature: Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis
- 126 Microheterogeneity of Lung Endothelium
- 127 Bronchial Endothelium
- 128 The Endothelium in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 129 The Central Role of Endothelial Cells in Severe Angioproliferative Pulmonary Hypertension
- 130 Emphysema: An Autoimmune Vascular Disease?
- 131 Endothelial Mechanotransduction in Lung: Ischemia in the Pulmonary Vasculature
- 132 Endothelium and the Initiation of Atherosclerosis
- 133 The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell
- 134 Hepatic Macrocirculation: Portal Hypertension As a Disease Paradigm of Endothelial Cell Significance and Heterogeneity
- 135 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- 136 The Vascular Bed of Spleen in Health and Disease
- 137 Adipose Tissue Endothelium
- 138 Renal Endothelium
- 139 Uremia
- 140 The Influence of Dietary Salt Intake on Endothelial Cell Function
- 141 The Role of the Endothelium in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis
- 142 The Endothelium in Cerebral Malaria: Both a Target Cell and a Major Player
- 143 Hemorrhagic Fevers: Endothelial Cells and Ebola-Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
- 144 Effect of Smoking on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Disease
- 145 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- 146 Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- 147 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- 148 Sickle Cell Disease Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction
- 149 The Role of Endothelial Cells in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- 150 Diabetes
- 151 The Role of the Endothelium in Normal and Pathologic Thyroid Function
- 152 Endothelial Dysfunction and the Link to Age-Related Vascular Disease
- 153 Kawasaki Disease
- 154 Systemic Vasculitis Autoantibodies Targeting Endothelial Cells
- 155 High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Human Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- 156 Endothelium and Skin
- 157 Angiogenesis
- 158 Tumor Blood Vessels
- 159 Kaposi's Sarcoma
- 160 Endothelial Mimicry of Placental Trophoblast Cells
- 161 Placental Vasculature in Health and Disease
- 162 Endothelialization of Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- 163 The Endothelium's Diverse Roles Following Acute Burn Injury
- 164 Trauma-Hemorrhage and Its Effects on the Endothelium
- 165 Coagulopathy of Trauma: Implications for Battlefield Hemostasis
- 166 The Effects of Blood Transfusion on Vascular Endothelium
- 167 The Role of Endothelium in Erectile Function and Dysfunction
- 168 Avascular Necrosis: Vascular Bed/Organ Structure and Function in Health and Disease
- 169 Molecular Control of Lymphatic System Development
- 170 High Endothelial Venules
- 171 Hierarchy of Circulating and Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
- PART IV DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- PART V CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
- Index
- Plate section
Summary
The level of endothelial cell (EC) proliferation in normal, mature vessels in most mammals remains poorly defined but in general is reported to be extremely low, if not nonexistent. In fact, until approximately 50 years ago, the predominant view held that ECs lining vessels do not undergo mitosis. However, the advent of tritiated thymidine labeling studies and modifications of the Hautchen preparation permitted direct analysis of EC mitosis in vessels recovered after labeling in vivo (1). In some experimental animals, such as rats, guinea pigs, pigs, and dogs, the tritiated thymidine labeling studies demonstrated 0.1% to 3.0% EC turnover daily (2, 3). Endothelial proliferation rates were correlated with the age of the subject and appeared to decline rapidly after birth with most adult vessel endothelium displaying mitosis in <1% of the cells daily (4). Furthermore, the sites of endothelial replication were not homogenously distributed but appeared to occur in clustered areas nearest vessel bifurcations where flow was disturbed and often turbulent (2). Whether these dividing ECs were unique and possessed proliferative potential that was lacking in other mature endothelium or these focal areas of replicating cells merely represented the sites of greatest vessel injury and endothelial turnover has not yet been determined. It has been well documented that EC division may reach 50% of the cells in the thoracic aorta following experimentally induced hypertension, re-endothelialization of organized clots or injured vessels after arterial denudation, or following experimentally induced vascular constriction (5).
In marked contrast to the slow turnover of ECs in normal vessels, in vitro plating of ECs derived from human or animal vessels is associated with brisk EC proliferation.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Endothelial Biomedicine , pp. 1589 - 1596Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007
- 1
- Cited by