Book contents
- Frontmatter
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Contents
- Introduction
- 1 On learning languages in general
- 2 The nature of Arabic and the character of this course
- 3 Arabic script (13); The alphabet (14–17); Roots and patterns (18); Layout and punctuation (19)
- 4 The families B, J, D and R
- 5 The families S and thick S/T
- 6 The families ‘/F and K
- 7 The orphans and rejects
- 8 The vowels in Arabic: Short vowels (44–5); Diphthongs (46); Long vowels (47–8); Stress (49)
- 9 A final review of sounds and signs: Hamza (53); Madda (54); Wasla (55); Shadda (56); Bound-t (57); Names of consonants (58); Names of vowels (59)
- 10 Standard Verb in māḍī (62–7); Standard Noun (68–73)
- 11 Plurals (75–6); Sentence types: Verbal Sentence (77–8); Nominal Sentences (79–80); Nominal Absolutes (81); Summary of points (82)
- 12 Agreement (83–5); The Construct (86–8)
- 13 Standard Verb in muḍari' (91–3); Independent personal pronouns (94–5); Attached personal pronouns (96–8)
- 14 Sound Plurals (100–2); Dual nouns (103); Subjunctive and Jussive modifications of muḍāri' (104–6); Ambiguities in endings alif, -W, -Y, and -T (107)
- 15 Diptotes (109–10); Demonstratives (111–13); Imperatives (114–15); Participles and maṣdars
- 16 Derived Form II (121–2); Derived Form III (123–4); Derived Form IV (125–6)
- 17 Derived Form V (128–9); Derived Form VI (130–1); Wāw of Circumstance (132); Negatives (133–7)
- 18 Derived Form VII (139); Derived Form VIII (140); Derived Form X (141–2); Positive time-indicators (143)
- 19 Passives (145–6); Plurals of four-consonant nouns (147); Nouns of Time and Place (148); Nouns of Instrument (149)
- 20 Conditional and Quasi-Conditional Sentences (151–7); Colours and Defects (158); Elatives (159–60)
- 21 Minor peculiarities in verbs (162–5); Peculiar common nouns (166); Some essential distinctions (167)
- 22 Hollow Roots: Māḍī and muḍāri' of Form I (169–72)
- 23 Hollow Roots: Participles 1 (174); Maṣdar I (175); Forms II, III, V and VI (176)
- 24 Hollow Roots: Forms VII and VIII (178); Forms IV and X (179); Hollow Passives (180)
- 25 Weak Roots: General (182); Māḍī 1 (183); Muḍāri' I (184–5); Active Participles I (186); Passive Participles I (187); Miscellaneous noun-patterns (weak) I (188)
- 26 Weak Roots: Derived Forms in general (190); Form II (191); Form III (192); Form IV (193)
- 27 Weak Roots: Form V (195); Form VI (196); Form VII (197); Form VIII (198); Form X (199); Weak Passives (200)
- 28 Roots with multiple peculiarities (202–3); Cardinal numbers in combination (205); Government of cardinals (206); Polarity in cardinals (207); Cardinals 3–10 (208); 11–19 (209); 20 upwards (210); Ordinals, units and whole tens (211); Ordinals 11–19 (212); Fractions (213); Basic roots (215)
- Postscript
- Texts and analyses
- Vocabulary
22 - Hollow Roots: Māḍī and muḍāri' of Form I (169–72)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Contents
- Introduction
- 1 On learning languages in general
- 2 The nature of Arabic and the character of this course
- 3 Arabic script (13); The alphabet (14–17); Roots and patterns (18); Layout and punctuation (19)
- 4 The families B, J, D and R
- 5 The families S and thick S/T
- 6 The families ‘/F and K
- 7 The orphans and rejects
- 8 The vowels in Arabic: Short vowels (44–5); Diphthongs (46); Long vowels (47–8); Stress (49)
- 9 A final review of sounds and signs: Hamza (53); Madda (54); Wasla (55); Shadda (56); Bound-t (57); Names of consonants (58); Names of vowels (59)
- 10 Standard Verb in māḍī (62–7); Standard Noun (68–73)
- 11 Plurals (75–6); Sentence types: Verbal Sentence (77–8); Nominal Sentences (79–80); Nominal Absolutes (81); Summary of points (82)
- 12 Agreement (83–5); The Construct (86–8)
- 13 Standard Verb in muḍari' (91–3); Independent personal pronouns (94–5); Attached personal pronouns (96–8)
- 14 Sound Plurals (100–2); Dual nouns (103); Subjunctive and Jussive modifications of muḍāri' (104–6); Ambiguities in endings alif, -W, -Y, and -T (107)
- 15 Diptotes (109–10); Demonstratives (111–13); Imperatives (114–15); Participles and maṣdars
- 16 Derived Form II (121–2); Derived Form III (123–4); Derived Form IV (125–6)
- 17 Derived Form V (128–9); Derived Form VI (130–1); Wāw of Circumstance (132); Negatives (133–7)
- 18 Derived Form VII (139); Derived Form VIII (140); Derived Form X (141–2); Positive time-indicators (143)
- 19 Passives (145–6); Plurals of four-consonant nouns (147); Nouns of Time and Place (148); Nouns of Instrument (149)
- 20 Conditional and Quasi-Conditional Sentences (151–7); Colours and Defects (158); Elatives (159–60)
- 21 Minor peculiarities in verbs (162–5); Peculiar common nouns (166); Some essential distinctions (167)
- 22 Hollow Roots: Māḍī and muḍāri' of Form I (169–72)
- 23 Hollow Roots: Participles 1 (174); Maṣdar I (175); Forms II, III, V and VI (176)
- 24 Hollow Roots: Forms VII and VIII (178); Forms IV and X (179); Hollow Passives (180)
- 25 Weak Roots: General (182); Māḍī 1 (183); Muḍāri' I (184–5); Active Participles I (186); Passive Participles I (187); Miscellaneous noun-patterns (weak) I (188)
- 26 Weak Roots: Derived Forms in general (190); Form II (191); Form III (192); Form IV (193)
- 27 Weak Roots: Form V (195); Form VI (196); Form VII (197); Form VIII (198); Form X (199); Weak Passives (200)
- 28 Roots with multiple peculiarities (202–3); Cardinal numbers in combination (205); Government of cardinals (206); Polarity in cardinals (207); Cardinals 3–10 (208); 11–19 (209); 20 upwards (210); Ordinals, units and whole tens (211); Ordinals 11–19 (212); Fractions (213); Basic roots (215)
- Postscript
- Texts and analyses
- Vocabulary
Summary
169. Hollow Roots in general. By this point, we have reviewed virtually all the essential features of Arabic grammar; most of what the student now requires for further progress can be gained from prolonged and repeated “exposure” to real Arabic, with occasional reference, on specific problems of language, to any of the accepted grammatical manuals (see Postscript). However, we still need to examine in a minimum of detail the phonetic, and sometimes scriptorial, changes undergone by roots with w or y in second or third place, when such roots are fitted into the various patterns so far encountered in the Standard Verb. Roots with middle w or y are called Hollow; those with final w or y we shall call Weak. The vital key to understanding virtually all the changes involved is a sound grasp of a principle we have already stated more than once since para. 49 (a): Arabic cannot tolerate a syllable that is both long and closed (nor, incidentally, one that is short but closed twice).
170. Hollow Roots: Māḍī I. In the māḍī of Form I we have to distinguish two broad categories of Hollow Verb (with a third minor category): those with w and those with y. Both categories, in those situations where the third consonant is vowelled (3 m.s., 3 f.s., 3 m.p. etc.), have a central long ā vowel: thus, qāla, “to say” (from QWL) or “to take a nap” (from QYL); kānat, “she was” (from KWN); sārū, “they went” (from SYR); qālā, “they (two) said”, “they (two) took a nap”; and so on.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Arabic GrammarA First Workbook, pp. 84 - 85Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1980